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In this regard, two\u2010photon fluorescence (TPF) organic molecules and CdTe quantum dots (QDs) are adopted as <jats:italic>functional components<\/jats:italic> to functionalize silk fibers and films. TPF organic molecules, such as, 2,7\u2010bis[2\u2010(4\u2010nitrophenyl) ethenyl]\u20109,9\u2010dibutylfluorene (<jats:bold>NM<\/jats:bold>), exhibit TPF emission quenching because of the molecular stacking that leads to aggregation in the solid form. The specific recognition between \u2010NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> in the annealed fluorescent molecules and the \u2010NH groups in the silk fibroin molecules decouples the aggregated molecules. This gives rise to a significant increase in the TPF quantum yields of the silk fibers. Similarly, as another type of <jats:italic>functional components<\/jats:italic>, CdTe quantum dots (QDs) with different sizes were also adopted in the silk functionalization method. Compared to QDs in solution the fluorescence properties of functionalized silk materials display a long stability at room temperature. As the functional materials are well dispersed at high quantum yields in the biocompatible silk a TPF microscope can be used to pursue 3D high\u2010resolution imaging in real time of the TPF\u2013silk scaffold.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201402079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,30]],"date-time":"2014-09-30T20:53:44Z","timestamp":1412110424000},"page":"1205-1214","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Engineering of Fluorescent Emission of Silk Fibroin Composite Materials by Material Assembly"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Naibo","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Soft Matter and Biomimetics College of Materials &amp; Department of Physics Xiamen University  Xiamen 361005 P.R. 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