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Most QD\u2010related toxicity studies focus on the subcellular processes in cultured cells or global physiological effects on whole animals. However, it is unclear how QDs affect subcellular processes in living organisms, or how the subcellular disturbance contributes to the overall toxicity. Here the behavior and toxicity of QDs of three different sizes in <jats:italic>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>) are systematically investigated at both the systemic and the subcellular level. Specifically, clear size\u2010dependent distribution and toxicity of the QDs in the digestive tract are observed. Short\u2010term exposure of QDs leads to acute toxicity on <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>, yet incurring no lasting, irreversible damage. In contrast, chronic exposure of QDs severely inhibits development and shortens lifespan. Subcellular analysis reveals that endocytosis and nutrition storage are disrupted by QDs, which likely accounts for the severe deterioration in growth and longevity. This work reveals that QDs invasion disrupts key subcellular processes in living organisms, and may cause permanent damage to the tissues and organs over long\u2010term retention. The findings provide invaluable information for safety evaluations of QD\u2010based applications and offer new opportunities for design of novel nontoxic nanoprobes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201600766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,28]],"date-time":"2016-04-28T11:47:38Z","timestamp":1461844058000},"page":"3143-3154","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Linking Subcellular Disturbance to Physiological Behavior and Toxicity Induced by Quantum Dots in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Qin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon\u2010Based Functional Materials and Devices Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Soochow University  Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 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