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However, it is difficult to define the independent contribution of individual properties without purified materials. A library of highly purified single\u2010walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) of different lengths is prepared from the same base material by density gradient ultracentrifugation, designated as short (318 nm), medium (789 nm), and long (1215 nm) SWCNTs. In vitro screening shows length\u2010dependent interleukin\u20101\u03b2 (IL\u20101\u03b2) production, in order of long &gt; medium &gt; short. However, there are no differences in transforming growth factor\u2010\u03b21 production in BEAS\u20102B cells. Oropharyngeal aspiration shows that all the SWCNTs induce profibrogenic effects in mouse lung at 21 d postexposure, but there are no differences between tube lengths. In contrast, these SWCNTs demonstrate length\u2010dependent antibacterial effects on <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, with the long SWCNT exerting stronger effects than the medium or short tubes. These effects are reduced by Pluronic F108 coating or supplementing with glucose. The data show length\u2010dependent effects on proinflammatory response in macrophage cell line and antibacterial effects, but not on collagen deposition in the lung. These data demonstrate that over the length scale tested, the biological response to highly purified SWCNTs is dependent on the complexity of the nano\/bio interface.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201703915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,7]],"date-time":"2018-05-07T14:36:35Z","timestamp":1525703795000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Toxicological Profiling of Highly Purified Single\u2010Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Different Lengths in the Rodent Lung and <i>Escherichia Coli<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of NanoMedicine Department of Medicine University of California  Los Angeles CA 90095 USA"},{"name":"California NanoSystems Institute University of California  Los Angeles CA 90095 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