{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:51:23Z","timestamp":1792173083669,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,9]],"date-time":"2019-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552089600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,9]],"date-time":"2018-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000774","name":"Defense Threat Reduction Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HDTRA1\u201013\u20101\u20100002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDTRA1\u201013\u20101\u20100002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000774","name":"Defense Threat Reduction Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HDTRA1\u201014\u20101\u20100064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDTRA1\u201014\u20101\u20100064"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008872","name":"Charles Lee Powell Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008872","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007911","name":"University of California, San Diego","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007911","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Small"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The new capabilities and functionalities of synthetic micro\/nanomotors open up considerable opportunities for diverse environmental and biomedical applications. Water\u2010powered micromachines are particularly attractive for realizing many of these applications. Magnesium\u2010based motors directly use water as fuel to generate hydrogen bubbles for their propulsion, eliminating the requirement of common toxic fuels. This Review highlights the development of new Mg\u2010based micromotors and discusses the chemistry that makes it extremely attractive for micromotor applications. Understanding these Mg properties and its transient nature is essential for controlling the propulsion efficiency, lifetime, and overall performance. The unique and attractive behavior of Mg offers significant advantages, including efficient water\u2010powered movement, remarkable biocompatibility, controlled degradation, convenient functionalization, and built\u2010in acid neutralization ability, and has paved the way for multifunctional micromachines for diverse real\u2010life applications, including operation in living animals. A wide range of such Mg motor\u2010based applications, including the detection and destruction of environmental threats, effective in\u2010vivo cargo delivery, and autonomous release, have been demonstrated. In conclusion, the current challenges, future opportunities, and performance improvements of the Mg\u2010based micromotors are discussed. With continuous innovation and attention to key challenges, it is expected that Mg\u2010based motors will have a profound impact on diverse biomedical and environmental applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201704252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,9]],"date-time":"2018-03-09T07:36:39Z","timestamp":1520580999000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":163,"title":["Magnesium\u2010Based Micromotors: Water\u2010Powered Propulsion, Multifunctionality, and Biomedical and Environmental Applications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chuanrui","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanoengineering University of California  San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing Wuhan University of Technology  Wuhan 430070 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emil","family":"Karshalev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanoengineering University of California  San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianguo","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing Wuhan University of Technology  Wuhan 430070 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4921-9674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanoengineering University of California  San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CS00885B"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6NR09217A"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527651450"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.6b00386"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn3028997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr400273r"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c0cs00078g"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0509011103"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR08768F"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C0NR00566E"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/9\/5\/126"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200901340"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4958737"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5b00047"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201603374"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200901746"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201302544"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn204762w"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn500077a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn100669h"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200804704"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5b03935"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn301312z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1230020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201700035"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja210874s"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201406096"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/la500182f"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11706-011-0120-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b918598d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja047697z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2834821"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b04108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.56021\/9780801825545","volume-title":"Stronger Than a Hundred Men: A History of the Vertical Water Wheel","author":"Reynolds T. S.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","first-page":"141","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World","author":"Wikander \u00d6.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","volume-title":"Water Resources in the Twenty\u2010first Century: Challenges and Implications for Action","author":"Rosegrant M. W.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511708169"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn303309z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201301847"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2011.05.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2012.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndtplus\/sfr163"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-02123-2_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","volume-title":"Magnesium Technology: Metallurgy, Design Data, Applications","author":"Friedrich H. E.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2010.11.141"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2010.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008682415141"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.89.6.651"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2010.02.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1527-2648(199909)1:1<11::AID-ADEM11>3.0.CO;2-N"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.08.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.08.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2014.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1988.00380110065013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","first-page":"5","volume":"4","author":"Durlach J.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Magnesium"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(99)00258-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","volume-title":"Magnesium in Human Health and Disease","author":"Ismail A. A. A.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/61.15.1569"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b18932"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-02123-2_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c3nr01458d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.201300913"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b04795"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn405075d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201600381"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-015-0071-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201402215"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR06774J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn505029k"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b03006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6EN00043F"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CC02222C"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b00574"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4SM00340C"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/am502729y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201503441"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1114397"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b06256"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533608314533"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c2lc00003b"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201611774"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00309-w"}],"container-title":["Small"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fsmll.201704252","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.201704252","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/smll.201704252","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/am-pdf\/10.1002\/smll.201704252","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.201704252","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]],"date-time":"2023-09-23T12:19:01Z","timestamp":1695471541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smll.201704252"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,9]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smll.201704252"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smll.201704252","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1613-6810","1613-6829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1613-6810","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-6829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,9]]},"article-number":"1704252"}}