{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T12:21:12Z","timestamp":1785932472485,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"47","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]],"date-time":"2019-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570752000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,11]],"date-time":"2018-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMMI\u20101235060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMMI\u20101235060"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMMI\u20101536862"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMMI\u20101536862"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006928","name":"Ohio State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Significant progress in DNA nanotechnology has accelerated the development of molecular machines with functions like macroscale machines. However, the mobility of DNA self\u2010assembled nanorobots is still dramatically limited due to challenges with designing and controlling nanoscale systems with many degrees of freedom. Here, an origami\u2010inspired method to design transformable DNA nanomachines is presented. This approach integrates stiff panels formed by bundles of double\u2010stranded DNA connected with foldable creases formed by single\u2010stranded DNA. To demonstrate the method, a DNA version of the paper origami mechanism called a waterbomb base (WBB) consisting of six panels connected by six joints is constructed. This nanoscale WBB can follow four distinct motion paths to transform between five distinct configurations including a flat square, two triangles, a rectangle, and a fully compacted trapezoidal shape. To achieve this, the sequence specificity of DNA base\u2010pairing is leveraged for the selective actuation of joints and the ion\u2010sensitivity of base\u2010stacking interactions is employed for the flattening of joints. In addition, higher\u2010order assembly of DNA WBBs into reconfigurable arrays is achieved. This work establishes a foundation for origami\u2010inspired design for next generation synthetic molecular robots and reconfigurable nanomaterials enabling more complex and controllable motion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201802580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,28]],"date-time":"2018-10-28T21:16:33Z","timestamp":1540761393000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Paper Origami\u2010Inspired Design and Actuation of DNA Nanomachines with Complex Motions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lifeng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering The Ohio State University  Columbus OH 43210 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander E.","family":"Marras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering The Ohio State University  Columbus OH 43210 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao\u2010Min","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering The Ohio State University  Columbus OH 43210 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos E.","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering The Ohio State University  Columbus OH 43210 USA"},{"name":"Biophysics Graduate Program The Ohio State University  Columbus OH 43210 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3132-0213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hai\u2010Jun","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering The Ohio State University  Columbus OH 43210 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn3028997"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aam6431"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/525018a"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1408869112"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201703216"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c1cs15005g"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2014.11.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201403510"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1602326"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aar3018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5b00047"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nl5045633"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1131372"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5b00351"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao4284"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201500407"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa5372"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.957"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00825"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2010.231"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3257"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan6558"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nl049527q"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2015.259"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4NR07153K"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn405408g"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1501209"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10935"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b10706"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-7721(99)00056-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4232"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4540"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1252610"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","first-page":"1490","volume-title":"2015 IEEE Int. Conf. Robot. Autom. ICRA","author":"Miyashita S.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aan1544"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aao4369"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4025372"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmachtheory.2014.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.160429"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab2870"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1557\/mrs.2016.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","volume-title":"Kinematic Synthesis of Linkages","author":"Hartenberg R. S.","year":"1964"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/23\/9\/094009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4029290"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.2015.0846"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4004910"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1215713109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1600974"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03018-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmachtheory.2016.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cp53545b"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b06470"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b00242"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkj454"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","first-page":"srep09143","volume":"5","author":"Zhang T.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0263-7855(96)00018-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.20289"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1570"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr1173"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.104.178101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4030659"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201405991"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07971"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn303767b"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1452"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.7b00159"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1509465112"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","first-page":"909","volume-title":"2016 IEEE Int. Conf. Robot. Autom. ICRA","author":"Miyashita S.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4258"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24655"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24651"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24650"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24648"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn503513p"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201670014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201703632"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15654"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201608873"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03601-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkp436"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4921957"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.20084"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2006.05.009"}],"container-title":["Small"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fsmll.201802580","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.201802580","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/smll.201802580","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/am-pdf\/10.1002\/smll.201802580","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.201802580","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T15:09:57Z","timestamp":1694790597000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smll.201802580"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,11]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"47","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smll.201802580"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smll.201802580","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1613-6810","1613-6829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1613-6810","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-6829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-07-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-10-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"1802580"}}