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The surface properties of Cur\u2010CQDs, as well as their antiviral activity, are highly dependent on the heating temperature during synthesis. The one\u2010step heating of curcumin at 180 \u00b0C preserves many of the moieties of polymeric curcumin on the surfaces of the as\u2010synthesized Cur\u2010CQDs, resulting in superior antiviral characteristics. It is proposed that curcumin undergoes a series of structural changes through dehydration, polymerization, and carbonization to form core\u2013shell CQDs whose surfaces remain a pyrolytic curcumin\u2010like polymer, boosting the antiviral activity. The results reveal that curcumin possesses insignificant inhibitory activity against EV71 infection in RD cells [half\u2010maximal effective concentration (EC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) &gt;200 \u00b5g mL\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ] but exhibits high cytotoxicity toward RD cells (half\u2010maximal cytotoxic concentration (CC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) &lt;13 \u00b5g mL\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). The EC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    (0.2 \u00b5g mL\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and CC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    (452.2 \u00b5g mL\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) of Cur\u2010CQDs are &gt;1000\u2010fold lower and &gt;34\u2010fold higher, respectively, than those of curcumin, demonstrating their far superior antiviral capabilities and high biocompatibility. In vivo, intraperitoneal administration of Cur\u2010CQDs significantly decreases mortality and provides protection against virus\u2010induced hind\u2010limb paralysis in new\u2010born mice challenged with a lethal dose of EV71.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201902641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,30]],"date-time":"2019-08-30T02:21:02Z","timestamp":1567131662000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":143,"title":["High Amplification of the Antiviral Activity of Curcumin through Transformation into Carbon Quantum Dots"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Chin\u2010Jung","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology National Taiwan Ocean University  Keelung 20224 Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lung","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Immunology National Yang\u2010Ming University  Taipei 11221 Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Mackay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Junior College of Medicine Nursing and Management  Taipei 10449 Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine MacKay Medical College  New Taipei City 25245 Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han\u2010Wei","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology National Taiwan Ocean University  Keelung 20224 Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han\u2010Jia","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology National Taiwan Ocean University  Keelung 20224 Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei\u2010Ching","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Immunology National Yang\u2010Ming University  Taipei 11221 Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert Y. L.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Molecular Medicine Research Center College of Medicine Chang Gung University  Taoyuan 33302 Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease Department of Pediatrics Chang Gung Memorial Hospital  Linkuo Taoyuan 33305 Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binesh","family":"Unnikrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology National Taiwan Ocean University  Keelung 20224 Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju\u2010Yi","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology National Taiwan Ocean University  Keelung 20224 Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiow\u2010Yi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology National Taiwan Ocean University  Keelung 20224 Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0363-1129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chih\u2010Ching","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology National Taiwan Ocean University  Keelung 20224 Taiwan"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for the Oceans National Taiwan Ocean University  Keelung 20224 Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy College of Pharmacy Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung 80708 Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000303"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14737159.7.4.419"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70194-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2014.49"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2013.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.9.3523-3529.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-015-0330-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7774\/cevr.2017.6.1.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-016-0074-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2017.12.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2018.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2014.05.096"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","first-page":"2093","volume":"19","author":"Priyadarsini K. 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