{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T18:32:40Z","timestamp":1788460360846,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]],"date-time":"2020-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003621","name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018R1A2A1A05077194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018R1A2A1A05077194"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010979","name":"KAIST Wearable Platform Material Technology Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016R1A5A1009926"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016R1A5A1009926"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010979","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003621","name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A family of the SM\u2010axis series based on benzo[1,\u200b2\u2010\u200b<jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>:4,\u200b5\u2010<jats:italic>\u200bb<\/jats:italic>\u2032]\u200bdithiophene and 3\u2010ethylrhodanine (RD) units with structurally different \u03c0\u2010conjugation systems are synthesized as a means to understand the structure\u2013property relationship of conjugated pathways in ternary non\u2010fullerene organic solar cells (NF\u2010OSCs) as a third component. The optical and electrochemical properties of the SM\u2010axis are highly sensitive both to the functionalized direction and to the number of RD groups. Enhanced power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of over 11% in ternary devices are obtained by incorporating optimal SM\u2010X and SM\u2010Y contents from PBDB\u2010T:ITIC binary NF\u2010OSCs, while a slightly lower PCE is observed with the addition of SM\u2010XY. The results of in\u2010depth studies using various characterization techniques demonstrate that working mechanisms of SM\u2010axis\u2010based ternary NF\u2010OSCs are distinctly different from one another: an energy\u2010transfer mechanism with an alloy\u2010like model for SM\u2010X, a charge transfer with the same model for SM\u2010Y, and an energy transfer without such a structure for SM\u2010XY. As extension of the scope, a SM\u2010X\u2010based ternary NF\u2010OSC in the PM6:IT4F system also shows a greatly enhanced PCE of over 13%. The findings provide insights into the effects of conjugated pathways of organic semiconductors on mechanisms of ternary NF\u2010OSCs, advancing the understanding for synthetic chemists, materials engineers, and device physicists.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201905309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]],"date-time":"2020-01-10T17:58:08Z","timestamp":1578679088000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Horizontal\u2010, Vertical\u2010, and Cross\u2010Conjugated Small Molecules: Conjugated Pathway\u2010Performance Correlations along Operation Mechanisms in Ternary Non\u2010Fullerene Organic Solar Cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sang Myeon","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Engineering School of Energy and Chemical Engineering Perovtronics Research Center Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)  50 UNIST\u2010gil, Ulju\u2010gun Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanya","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Engineering School of Energy and Chemical Engineering Perovtronics Research Center Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)  50 UNIST\u2010gil, Ulju\u2010gun Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byongkyu","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Engineering School of Energy and Chemical Engineering Perovtronics Research Center Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)  50 UNIST\u2010gil, Ulju\u2010gun Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongjoon","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Engineering School of Energy and Chemical Engineering Perovtronics Research Center Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)  50 UNIST\u2010gil, Ulju\u2010gun Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jungho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Engineering School of Energy and Chemical Engineering Perovtronics Research Center Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)  50 UNIST\u2010gil, Ulju\u2010gun Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiyeon","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Engineering School of Energy and Chemical Engineering Perovtronics Research Center Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)  50 UNIST\u2010gil, Ulju\u2010gun Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingyu","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Engineering School of Energy and Chemical Engineering Perovtronics Research Center Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)  50 UNIST\u2010gil, Ulju\u2010gun Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sungwoo","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Engineering School of Energy and Chemical Engineering Perovtronics Research Center Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)  50 UNIST\u2010gil, Ulju\u2010gun Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7452-4681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changduk","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Engineering School of Energy and Chemical Engineering Perovtronics Research Center Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)  50 UNIST\u2010gil, Ulju\u2010gun Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201807275"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201701791"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CS00892A"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2018.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-018-0181-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201808356"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201807577"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2019.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201800868"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-018-0234-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.201700415"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.201900280"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b06445"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/solr.201800196"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8EE01700J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TA01497G"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201805041"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5EE03460D"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201602127"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201702251"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201704212"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201800627"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/solr.201700158"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-019-0093-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_3","first-page":"1804762","volume":"0","author":"Lee J.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201802004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201702814"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TA01557G"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6EE02851A"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201805872"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201502456"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TA02723K"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201800616"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.8b00675"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TC01542B"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b13054"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09321"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.5b00115"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b01606"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cc00159h"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TA07364F"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NJ03717D"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TA04237G"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b16131"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/solr.201900317"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201802050"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/solr.201800246"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ar900233v"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201605779"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.8b04087"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TA03600K"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TC00905A"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6b03562"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TA06237K"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c4ee00022f"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2017.12.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201701370"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201502287"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2016.10.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8EE00215K"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.82.245207"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201102456"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja509703k"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2014.269"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2018.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.8b04404"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja9068134"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00214-018-2321-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b922175a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/solr.201800291"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2018.00292"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TA10136H"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1969.070130815"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/polc.5070340105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TC03565A"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2018.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/mz500415a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9547"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cm1021596"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1476"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200801286"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm31882b"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5b03449"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4797"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11585"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.6b05194"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03718-7"}],"container-title":["Small"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fsmll.201905309","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.201905309","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/smll.201905309","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.201905309","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T22:25:51Z","timestamp":1694125551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smll.201905309"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smll.201905309"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smll.201905309","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1613-6810","1613-6829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1613-6810","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-6829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-09-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-01-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"1905309"}}