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While cellulose can be easily tailored into a highly viscous ink for 3D printing, after solvent evaporation, the final printed structures become highly porous, fragile, and easily fall apart in water due to its hydrophilic nature. Lignin, another crucial component of natural lignocellulose, has not yet been reported for ink printing due to its unfavorable rheological behavior. Herein, a low\u2010cost direct ink printing strategy is developed to fabricate lignin\u2010based 3D structures with lignin no further refined and a more compact microstructure as well as different functionalities compared with printed cellulose. By using a soft triblock copolymer as the crosslinking agent, the rheology of lignin\u2010based inks can be adjusted from soft to rigid, and even enables vertical printing which requires stiff and self\u2010supporting features. The lignin\u2010based inks contain less water (\u224840 wt%) and exhibit a much denser, stiffer structure, resulting in a wet tensile strength of \u224830 MPa, compared to only \u22480.6 MPa for printed cellulose. In addition, the unique macromolecular structure of lignin also demonstrates significantly improved stability in water and under heat, as well as UV\u2010blocking performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201907212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,29]],"date-time":"2020-06-29T06:37:00Z","timestamp":1593412620000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Lignin\u2010Based Direct Ink Printed Structural Scaffolds"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Bo","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Maryland  College Park MD 20742 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonggang","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Maryland  College Park MD 20742 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Maryland  College Park MD 20742 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinlong","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Maryland  College Park MD 20742 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gegu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Maryland  College Park MD 20742 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinqin","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Maryland  College Park MD 20742 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiyu","family":"Mi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Maryland  College Park MD 20742 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miaolun","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Maryland  College Park MD 20742 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xizheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Maryland  College Park MD 20742 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9456-9315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liangbing","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Maryland  College Park MD 20742 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CS00714C"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf2093"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201706383"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201805530"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201603486"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201700127"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b01059"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2016.11.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2019.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","first-page":"145","volume-title":"Int. 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