{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T23:35:37Z","timestamp":1782257737783,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"32","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1A2C2010017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A2C2010017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1A2C200358312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A2C200358312"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Metal\u2013organic frameworks (MOFs) have received much attention as a solid\u2010state electrolyte in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. The introduction of proton carriers and functional groups into MOFs can improve the proton conductivity attributed to the formation of hydrogen\u2010bonding networks, while the underlying synergistic mechanism is still unclear. Here, a series of flexible MOFs (MIL\u201088B, [Fe<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>O(OH)(H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>(O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>C\u2010C<jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>H<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\u2010CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>] with imidazole) is designed to modify the hydrogen\u2010bonding networks and investigate the resulting proton\u2010conducting characteristics by controlling the breathing behaviors. The breathing behavior is tuned by varying the amount of adsorbed imidazole into pore (small breathing (SB) and large breathing (LB)) and introducing functional groups onto ligands (\u2010NH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, \u2010SO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>H), resulting in four kinds of imidazole\u2010loaded MOFs\u2212Im@MIL\u201088B\u2010SB, Im@MIL\u201088B\u2010LB, Im@MIL\u201088B\u2010NH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, and Im@MIL\u201088B\u2010SO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>H. Im@MIL\u201088B\u2010LB without functional groups exhibits the highest proton conductivity of 8.93\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\u00a0S\u00a0cm<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> at 60\u00a0\u00b0C and 95% relative humidity among imidazole\u2010loaded proton conductors despite the mild condition, indicating that functional groups may not be always required to enhance proton conductivity. The elaborately controlled pore size and host\u2013guest interaction in flexible MOFs through imidazole\u2010dependent structural transformation are translated into the high proton concentration without the limitation of proton mobility, contributing to the formation of effective hydrogen\u2010bonding networks in imidazole conducting media.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202301122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T04:45:50Z","timestamp":1681793150000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Super Proton Conductivity Through Control of Hydrogen\u2010Bonding Networks in Flexible Metal\u2013Organic Frameworks"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Nam Ho","family":"Kwon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)  Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seunghee","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)  Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)  Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9428-1269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun Seon","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)  Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35104620"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2016.237"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03482-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c0cs00144a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1239872"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.110771"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/46248"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cs60028a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CS00093E"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ar300291s"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b12784"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201206410"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja5022014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CS00528D"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.9b00842"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2526"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b11364"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja109810w"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b01559"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.5b00665"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202106181"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CS00101J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201501523"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16527-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacsau.2c00069"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-017-0018-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202112922"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/B512169H"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1137975"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja9092715"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c1cc00079a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/la203570h"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja206936e"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cg4012058"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cg301738p"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja511389q"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2614(95)00905-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja3076378"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201309077"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2016.43"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jcph.1995.1039"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","first-page":"1767","volume":"124","author":"Hasani 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