{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T21:06:10Z","timestamp":1792530370788,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"39","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,27]],"date-time":"2023-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017K2A9A2A10013104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017K2A9A2A10013104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019) pandemic is a serious global threat with surging new variants of concern. Although global vaccinations have slowed the pandemic, their longevity is still unknown. Therefore, new orally administrable antiviral agents are highly demanded. Among various repurposed drugs, niclosamide (NIC) is the most potential one for various viral diseases such as COVID\u201019, SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), MERS (middle east respiratory syndrome), influenza, RSV (respiratory syncytial virus), etc. Since NIC cannot be effectively absorbed, a required plasma concentration for antiviral potency is hard to maintain, thereby restricting its entry into the infected cells. Such a 60\u2010year\u2010old bioavailability challenging issue has been overcome by engineering with MgO and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), forming hydrophilic NIC\u2013MgO\u2013HPMC, with improved intestinal permeability without altering NIC metabolism as confirmed by parallel artificial membrane permeability assay. The inhibitory effect on SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u00a0 replication is confirmed in the Syrian hamster model to reduce lung injury. Clinical studies reveal that the bioavailability of NIC hybrid drug can go 4 times higher than the intact NIC. The phase II clinical trial shows a dose\u2010dependent bioavailability of NIC from hybrid drug \u00a0suggesting its potential applicability as a game changer in achieving the much\u2010anticipated endemic phase.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202305148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T02:28:42Z","timestamp":1693189722000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The Next Generation COVID\u201019 Antiviral; Niclosamide\u2010Based Inorganic Nanohybrid System Kills SARS\u2010CoV\u20102"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Goeun","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Nanohybrid Materials Laboratory (INML) Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN) Dankook University Cheonan 31116 Republic of Korea"},{"name":"College of Science and Technology Dankook University Cheonan 31116 Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine Dankook University Cheonan 31116 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. Sanoj","family":"Rejinold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Nanohybrid Materials Laboratory (INML) Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN) Dankook University Cheonan 31116 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiyan","family":"Piao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Nanohybrid Materials Laboratory (INML) Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN) Dankook University Cheonan 31116 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Bae","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Biomaterials Research Center Korea Research Institute of Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) Jeongeup 34141 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyung\u2010Jun","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Biomaterials Research Center Korea Research Institute of Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) Jeongeup 34141 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In Chul","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Biomaterials Research Center Korea Research Institute of Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) Jeongeup 34141 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong In","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology College of Pharmacy Hanyang University  Ansan 15588 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye Hyun","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology College of Pharmacy Hanyang University  Ansan 15588 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geun\u2010woo","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&amp;D Center CnPharm Co. LTD.  Seoul 03759 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4149-7100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin\u2010Ho","family":"Choy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Nanohybrid Materials Laboratory (INML) Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN) Dankook University Cheonan 31116 Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Pre\u2010Medical Course College of Medicine Dankook University Cheonan 31116 Republic of Korea"},{"name":"International Research Frontier Initiative (IRFI) Institute of Innovative Research Tokyo Institute of Technology  Yokohama 226\u20108503 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-021-01517-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-021-01426-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume":"1661","author":"Jun S.\u2010P.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03944-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abn4947"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-022-00149-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40267-021-00879-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586\u2010021\u201002783\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n2422"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.06.17.21258639"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"24","volume":"22","author":"Ahmad B.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.2247"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab247"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2022.07.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-023-00672-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-022-04576-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.p872"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002976"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2017.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13659-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24007-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36788"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2018.168"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.768023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S95611"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpcs.2006.01.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14050486"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173546"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.03.077"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-1483.93570"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-010-4058-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-008-0133-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13071044"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2021.111394"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.07.19.500639"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22580-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abl4784"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.10.69"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf402110g"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jo701823d"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1RA05358B"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.cgd.5b01619"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2021.112063"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14143792"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42860-021-00153-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02977806"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.08.16.456531"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586\u2010021\u201002032\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586\u2010021\u201002032\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03777-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-021-01696-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","author":"Graham F.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-021-03552-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16499"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2023.115503"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1871526520999200905115050"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260451"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-021-01567-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.063"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2009-0210ST"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-021-00911-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(20)30217-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1100272"}],"container-title":["Small"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.202305148","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T10:38:18Z","timestamp":1739270298000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smll.202305148"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,27]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"39","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smll.202305148"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smll.202305148","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1613-6810","1613-6829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1613-6810","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-6829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-06-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-08-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"2305148"}}