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However, the design of these platforms faces several challenges, such as the processability of these materials into complex form factors and control over their mechanical properties. Herein, ELM are presented as 3D\u2010printed bioreactors with arbitrary shape geometries and tunable mechanical properties (moduli and toughness). Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) is used as the precursor to create polymer networks that encapsulate the microorganisms during the vat photopolymerization process. A major limitation of PEGDA networks is their propensity to swell and fracture when submerged in water. The authors overcame this issue by adding glycerol to the resin formulation to 3D print mechanically tough ELM hydrogels. While polymer concentration affects the modulus and reduces bioproduction, ELM bioreactors still maintain their metabolic activity regardless of polymer concentration. These ELM bioreactors have the potential to be used in different applications for sustainable architecture, food production, and biomedical devices that require different mechanical properties from soft to stiff.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202306564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T06:43:21Z","timestamp":1702881801000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Engineered Living Material Bioreactors with Tunable Mechanical Properties using Vat Photopolymerization"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9577-3257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gokce","family":"Altin\u2010Yavuzarslan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute University of Washington  Box 351700 Seattle WA 98195 USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Washington  Box 351700 Seattle WA 98195 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7695-5239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naroa","family":"Sadaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Washington  Box 351700 Seattle WA 98195 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6914-2504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sierra M.","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Texas at Austin  Austin TX 78712 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8246-8605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hal S.","family":"Alper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Washington  Box 351700 Seattle WA 98195 USA"},{"name":"Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology The University of Texas at Austin  Austin TX 78712 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8060-8611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alshakim","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute University of Washington  Box 351700 Seattle WA 98195 USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Washington  Box 351700 Seattle WA 98195 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14371-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2021.01.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26791-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1557\/mrs.2020.298"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0SM01905D"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40265-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33191-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26361-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202300332"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2023.100677"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c01446"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2022.213095"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-022-00792-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2011.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.02.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/aad667"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106039"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.0c00055"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2022.100442"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b05554"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.34756"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","volume":"4","author":"Caro\u2010Astorga J.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbohydr. 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