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However, the \u201ccold\u201d tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), characterized by insufficient immune cell infiltration and immunosuppressive status, limits the efficacy of immunotherapy. Tumor vascular abnormalities due to defective pericyte coverage are\u00a0gradually recognized as a profound determinant in \u201ccold\u201d TIME establishment by hindering immune cell trafficking. Recently, several vascular normalization strategies by improving pericyte coverage have been reported, whereas have unsatisfactory efficacy and high rates of resistance. Herein, a combinatorial strategy to induce tumor vasculature\u2010targeted pericyte recruitment and zinc ion\u2010mediated immune activation with a\u00a0platelet\u2010derived growth factor B (PDGFB)\u2010loaded, cyclo (Arg\u2010Gly\u2010Asp\u2010D\u2010Phe\u2010Lys)\u2010modified zeolitic imidazolate framework 8 (PDGFB@ZIF8\u2010RGD) nanoplatform is proposed. PDGFB@ZIF8\u2010RGD effectively induced tumor vascular normalization, which facilitated trafficking and infiltration of immune effector cells, including natural killer (NK) cells, M1\u2010like macrophages and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells, into tumor microenvironment. Simultaneously, vascular normalization promoted the accumulation of zinc ions inside tumors to trigger effector cell immune activation and effector molecule production. The synergy between these two effects endowed PDGFB@ZIF8\u2010RGD with superior capabilities in reprogramming the \u201ccold\u201d TIME to a \u201chot\u201d TIME, thereby initiating robust antitumor immunity and suppressing tumor growth. This combinatorial strategy for improving immune effector cell infiltration and activation is a promising paradigm for solid tumor immunotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202308638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T07:57:23Z","timestamp":1701244643000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Cold to Hot: Tumor Immunotherapy by Promoting Vascular Normalization Based on PDGFB Nanocomposites"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5472-3584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shouzheng","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery Tangdu Hospital Air Force Medical University  Xi'an 710038 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