{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T16:56:01Z","timestamp":1792428961661,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"25","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,6]],"date-time":"2024-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,6]],"date-time":"2024-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704499200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Hydrogels are widely used in tissue engineering, soft robotics and wearable electronics. However, it is difficult to achieve both the required toughness and stiffness, which severely hampers their application as load\u2010bearing materials. This study presents a strategy to develop a hard and tough composite hydrogel. Herein, flexible SiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    nanofibers (SNF) are dispersed homogeneously in a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix using the synergistic effect of freeze\u2010drying and annealing through the phase separation, the modulation of macromolecular chain movement and the promotion of macromolecular crystallization. When the stress is applied, the strong molecular interaction between PVA and SNF effectively disperses the load damage to the substrate. Freeze\u2010dried and annealed\u2010flexible SiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    nanofibers\/polyvinyl alcohol (FDA\u2010SNF\/PVA) reaches a preferred balance between enhanced stiffness (13.71 \u00b1 0.28\u00a0MPa) and toughness (9.9 \u00b1 0.4\u00a0MJ m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Besides, FDA\u2010SNF\/PVA hydrogel has a high tensile strength of 7.84 \u00b1 0.10\u00a0MPa, super elasticity (no plastic deformation under 100 cycles of stretching), fast deformation recovery ability and excellent mechanical properties that are superior to the other tough PVA hydrogels, providing an effective way to optimize the mechanical properties of hydrogels for potential applications in artificial tendons and ligaments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202310046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,6]],"date-time":"2024-01-06T07:16:15Z","timestamp":1704525375000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Triple\u2010Mechanism Enhanced Flexible SiO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    Nanofiber Composite Hydrogel with High Stiffness and Toughness for Cartilaginous Ligaments"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yvqing","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes\/ National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes\/Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites of Ministry of Education School of Textile Science and Engineering Tiangong University  Tianjin 300387 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jixian","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes\/ National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes\/Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites of Ministry of Education School of Textile Science and Engineering Tiangong University  Tianjin 300387 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiujin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes\/ National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes\/Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites of Ministry of Education School of Textile Science and Engineering Tiangong University  Tianjin 300387 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes\/ National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes\/Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites of Ministry of Education School of Textile Science and Engineering Tiangong University  Tianjin 300387 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changsheng","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Engineering Tianjin University of Science and Technology  Tianjin 300457 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianfei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Innovation Center of Advanced Dyeing and Finishing Technology  Taian 271001 P. R. 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5900-0748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes\/ National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes\/Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites of Ministry of Education School of Textile Science and Engineering Tiangong University  Tianjin 300387 P. R. 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