{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T07:46:50Z","timestamp":1790063210801,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"32","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21901154"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21901154"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Metal phthalocyanine molecules with Me\u2010N<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> centers have shown promise in electrocatalytic CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> reduction (eCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>R) for CO generation. However, iron phthalocyanine (FePc) is an exception, exhibiting negligible eCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>R activity due to a higher CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> to <jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup>COOH conversion barrier and stronger <jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup>CO binding energy. Here, amine functional groups onto atomic\u2010Fe\u2010rich carbon dots (Af\u2010Fe\u2010CDs) are introduced via a one\u2010step solvothermal molecule fusion approach. Af\u2010Fe\u2010CDs feature well\u2010defined Fe\u2010N<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> active sites and an impressive Fe loading (up to 8.5\u00a0wt%). The synergistic effect between Fe\u2010N<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> active centers and electron\u2010donating amine functional groups in Af\u2010Fe\u2010CDs yielded outstanding CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010to\u2010CO conversion performance. At industrial\u2010relevant current densities exceeding 400\u00a0mA cm<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup> in a flow cell, Af\u2010Fe\u2010CDs achieved &gt;92% selectivity, surpassing state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010to\u2010CO electrocatalysts. The in situ electrochemical FTIR characterization combined with theoretical calculations elucidated that Fe\u2010N<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> integration with amine functional groups in Af\u2010Fe\u2010CDs significantly reduced energy barriers for <jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup>COOH intermediate formation and <jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup>CO desorption, enhancing eCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>R efficiency. The proposed synergistic effect offers a promising avenue for high\u2010efficiency catalysts with elevated atomic\u2010metal loadings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202311132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T10:30:48Z","timestamp":1711017048000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Synergistic Effects of Amine Functional Groups and Enriched\u2010Atomic\u2010Iron Sites in Carbon Dots for Industrial\u2010Current\u2013Density CO<sub>2<\/sub> Electroreduction"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Huazhang","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Shanghai University  Shanghai 200444 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jithu","family":"Raj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering University of Cincinnati  Cincinnati OH 45221 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Shanghai University  Shanghai 200444 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering University of Cincinnati  Cincinnati OH 45221 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Shanghai University  Shanghai 200444 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Industrial Catalysis State Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology  Hangzhou Zhejiang 310014 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weidong","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Shanghai University  Shanghai 200444 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiye","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering Shanghai University  99 Shangda Road Shanghai 200444 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minghong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE) School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Shanghai University  Shanghai 200444 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjie","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering University of Cincinnati  Cincinnati OH 45221 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3771-4627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Shanghai University  Shanghai 200444 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-019-0450-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.8b00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00705"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c05440"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202100362"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202309351"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.2c06953"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25640-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202105690"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201802066"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-02819-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.1c05580"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41929-021-00655-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.3c01905"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24936-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.2c02018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-020-00730-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.8b01734"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.7b01096"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","volume":"35","author":"Chen Q.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c08940"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14675"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11542-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26599\/NRE.2022.9120021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201808593"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw7515"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201703487"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.0c02643"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01035-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202300695"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-35960-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2242-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-022-4441-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.1c01621"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-020-0667-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2021.106793"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41929-022-00772-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202102801"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c01899"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c07411"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-023-01182-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202303156"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2023.118249"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.1c04382"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202308044"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202004900"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202202830"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.2c05572"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6EE01160H"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6b00757"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c02783"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41929-019-0237-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201802856"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14402-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201903470"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TA02405K"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202109329"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202003238"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202113135"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.9b01015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2017.02.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA27873F"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.1c02658"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c08436"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CS01605E"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202203139"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TA11044A"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TA00516H"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrp.2020.100083"}],"container-title":["Small"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.202311132","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T08:13:19Z","timestamp":1729498399000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smll.202311132"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"32","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smll.202311132"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smll.202311132","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1613-6810","1613-6829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1613-6810","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-6829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-12-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-03-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"2311132"}}