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However, existing catalyst synthesis methods have difficulty controlling their composition and structures. Here, a direct Joule heating method to yield highly active and stable PtRu catalysts for MOR is shown. The optimized Joule heating condition at 1000\u00a0\u00b0C over 50 microseconds produces uniform PtRu nanoparticles (6.32\u00a0wt.% Pt and 2.97 wt% Ru) with an average size of 2.0 \u00b1 0.5 nanometers supported on carbon black substrates. They have a large electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) of 239 m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> g<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> and a high ECSA normalized specific activity of 0.295\u00a0mA cm<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>. They demonstrate a peak mass activity of 705.9\u00a0mA mg<jats:sub>Pt<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> for MOR, 2.8 times that of commercial 20 wt.% platinum\/carbon catalysts, and much superior to PtRu catalysts obtained by standard hydrothermal synthesis. Theoretical calculation results indicate that the superior catalytic activity can be attributed to modified Pt sites in PtRu nanoparticles, enabling strong methanol adsorption and weak carbon monoxide binding. Further, the PtRu catalyst demonstrates excellent stability in two\u2010electrode methanol fuel cell tests with 85.3% current density retention and minimum Pt surface oxidation after 24 h.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202403967","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T17:56:21Z","timestamp":1722966981000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Platinum\u2010Ruthenium Bimetallic Nanoparticle Catalysts Synthesized Via Direct Joule Heating for Methanol Fuel Cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Yeyu","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The University of Sydney  Darlington New South Wales 2006 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Institute for Materials 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