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On the other hand, nasal vaccination has demonstrated to be effective against respiratory infections. Nevertheless, mRNA's vulnerability to enzymatic degradation, low nasal permeability, and rapid clearance are still critical challenges. Liposomal hydrogels enable bioadhesion and localized drug release; however, these may exhibit cytotoxicity due to the required cross\u2010linking agents. To overcome these drawbacks, a gellable aqueous biphasic system (ABS), composed of water, poly(ethylene) glycol, and gelatin is proposed, as a promising approach for mRNA nasal delivery. This approach, using a gellable biopolymer, eliminates the need for chemical cross\u2010linkers. The developed liposomal hydrogels enables localized and safe mRNA release without associated cytotoxicity toward upper airway epithelial cells. Validation through scanning electron and fluorescence microscopies reveal efficient mRNA entrapment, with a prolonged delivery of up to 30\u00a0min. 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The formulated liposomal hydrogels demonstrate comparable transfection efficiency to commercial alternatives, showcasing their potential for safe and effective nasal gene delivery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202409527","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T23:34:16Z","timestamp":1741736056000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Nasal Delivery of mRNA Using Thermoresponsive Gellable Aqueous Biphasic Systems"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Bojan","family":"Kopilovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO \u2013 Aveiro Institute of Materials Department of Chemistry University of Aveiro  Aveiro 3810\u2010193 Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabila","family":"Laroui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Biophysique Mol\u00e9culaire (CBM) UPR 4301 CNRS 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