{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T05:33:11Z","timestamp":1790314391756,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In this study, we investigate how modulating organic spacers in perovskites influences their X\u2010ray detection performance and reveal the mechanism of low\u2010dose detection with high sensitivity using femtosecond\u2010transient absorption spectroscopy (fs\u2010TAS). Particularly, we employ N,N,N\u2032,N\u2032\u2010tetramethyl\u20101,4\u2010phenylenediammonium (TMPDA) and N,N\u2010dimethylphenylene\u2010p\u2010diammonium (DPDA) as organic spacers to synthesize 2D perovskite single crystals (SCs). We find that DPDA\u2010based SCs exhibit reduced interplanar spacing between inorganic layers, leading to increased lattice packing. Density functional theory (DFT) results indicate the reduced effective mass and lower lattice distortion in (DPDA)PbBr\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    suppressing the formation of self\u2010trapped exciton (STEs) and electron\u2010phonon coupling and enhancing carrier delocalization in these SCs. Further, X\u2010ray detection measurements reveal that (DPDA)PbBr\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    demonstrates higher sensitivity than (TMPDA)PbBr\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    , attributed to its enhanced carrier delocalization, and higher mobility\u2010lifetime product. The limit of detection (LoD) for (DPDA)PbBr\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    is determined to be 13 nGy\/s, significantly lower than both commercial detectors and state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art perovskite\u2010based X\u2010ray detectors. Furthermore, fs\u2010TAS study reveals that (DPDA)PbBr\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    crystals exhibit prolonged hot STE cooling and decay lifetimes, which directly correlate with their higher sensitivity. This study highlights the impact of organic spacers on X\u2010ray detection performance, providing a framework for designing ultra\u2010low LoD detectors essential for health and security applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202409962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T02:15:08Z","timestamp":1737080108000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Organic Spacers Modulated Low Dose X\u2010Ray Detection in Hybrid Halide 2D Perovskites: Unveiling Exciton Dynamics"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8499-6231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shivani","family":"Choudhary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee  Roorkee 247667 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joydip","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics University of Surrey Guildford  Surrey GU2 7XH UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shantanu","family":"Pathak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Delhi  Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saurabh K.","family":"Saini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIR\u2010National Physical Laboratory  Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg New Delhi 110012 India"},{"name":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)  Ghaziabad 201002 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naveen Kumar","family":"Tailor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee  Roorkee 247667 India"},{"name":"Center for Sustainable Energy Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee  Roorkee 247667 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Sellin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics University of Surrey Guildford  Surrey GU2 7XH UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saswata","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Delhi  Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 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