{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T17:51:20Z","timestamp":1788285080810,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008250","name":"Shaanxi University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KFKT2022\u201013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFKT2022\u201013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008250","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The electrochemical reduction of nitrate to ammonia offers an environmentally sustainable pathway for nitrogen fixation. However, achieving both efficiency and selectivity in nitrate reduction presents a formidable challenge, due to the involvement of sluggish multielectron transfer processes. Herein, the successful synthesis of spherical Cu\u2082O nanoparticles (s\u2010Cu\u2082O) exhibiting significant compressive strain effects, achieved through a one\u2010pot method using gelatin as a structural modifier, is reported. The s\u2010Cu\u2082O catalyst demonstrates exceptional electrochemical performance for nitrate reduction reaction (NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    RR), achieving a Faradaic efficiency (FE\n                    <jats:sub>NH3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) of 95.07%, ammonia selectivity of 92.03%, a nitrate conversion rate of 97.77%, and a yield rate of 284.83\u00a0\u00b5mol h\u207b\u00b9 cm\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    at \u22120.8\u00a0V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (vs. RHE) for ammonia production. Structural characterization and density functional theory calculations reveal that compressive strain plays a critical role in modulating the electronic structure of the catalyst, thereby activating the *NO intermediate in the potential determining step and effectively suppressing the hydrogen evolution reaction. Furthermore, it is implemented in a Zn\u2010NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    battery, and the test results indicate that the battery achieved a peak power density of 3.95\u00a0mW cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    at a potential of 0.129\u00a0V (vs Zn\/Zn\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u207a), illustrating its excellent electrochemical and functional efficacy. This work introduces a novel strategy for the rational design of high\u2010performance electrocatalysts through strain engineering, offering broad implications for energy\u2010efficient ammonia synthesis, and sustainable nitrogen cycling.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202411005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T01:33:48Z","timestamp":1738200828000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Gelatin\u2010Induced Synthesis of Strain\u2010Engineered Spherical Cu\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    O Nanoparticles for Efficient Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6632-3422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Bioresources and Materials Engineering Shaanxi University of Science &amp; Technology  Xi'an 710\u00a0021 P. R. China"},{"name":"College of Chemistry Nankai University  Weijin Road No. 94 Tianjin 300\u00a0071 China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Goldstone Packing Co., ltd  308 Wei 15 Road Jiaxing 314\u00a0000 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Bioresources and Materials Engineering Shaanxi University of Science &amp; Technology  Xi'an 710\u00a0021 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Heng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Bioresources and Materials Engineering Shaanxi University of Science &amp; Technology  Xi'an 710\u00a0021 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lintao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Bioresources and Materials Engineering Shaanxi University of Science &amp; Technology  Xi'an 710\u00a0021 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuechuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Bioresources and Materials Engineering Shaanxi University of Science &amp; Technology  Xi'an 710\u00a0021 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingxin","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Bioresources and Materials Engineering Shaanxi University of Science &amp; Technology  Xi'an 710\u00a0021 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taotao","family":"Qiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Bioresources and Materials Engineering Shaanxi University of Science &amp; Technology  Xi'an 710\u00a0021 P. R. 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