{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T17:33:03Z","timestamp":1790098383581,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"25","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32171884"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32171884"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013314","name":"Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D21027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D21027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013314","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Hydrogels are widely used in flexible sensing, drug delivery, and tissue engineering due to their outstanding flexibility and biocompatibility, etc. However, the development of conductive hydrogels with high strength, toughness, and fatigue resistance still exists significant challenges. This study introduced a novel toughening strategy based on the \u201cpinning effect\u201d, utilizing submicron carbon cluster (CCs) with a unique\n                    <jats:italic>\u03c0<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010conjugated core prepared with self\u2010assembly and acrylamide to fabricate high strength and toughness hydrogels. The resulting CCs, coupled with stress dissipation, chain entanglement, and interfacial interactions with polyacrylamide (PAM), effectively arrested crack propagation during stretching, thereby enhancing mechanical performance. The mechanical properties of the PAM\u2010CCs hydrogels are significantly improved compared to PAM hydrogel, showing a fracture strength of 2.33 MPa (2850% increase), an elongation of \u22482400% (700% increase), a fracture energy of 126.4 kJ m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    (3461% increase), and toughness of 14.94 MJ m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                    (10571% increase). Besides, PAM\u2010CCs hydrogel also revealed good adhesion, compression, and conductivity properties. This strategy do not require complex design or processing, using a simple and fast approach that showed immense potential for applications of hydrogels requiring high mechanical performance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202501270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T06:09:44Z","timestamp":1745993384000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Super\u2010Robust and Ultra\u2010Tough Hydrogel Prepared from Flower\u2010Like Submicron Carbon Clusters Exhibited Excellent Resistance to Crack Propagation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jiaojiao","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Province Key Lab of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products School of Materials and Chemical Engineering Southwest Forestry University  Kunming 650224 China"},{"name":"International Joint Research Center for Biomass 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