{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T02:56:20Z","timestamp":1781664980575,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"40","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22037005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22037005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024FZZX02\u201001\u201004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024FZZX02\u201001\u201004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022963","name":"Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024SSYS0027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024SSYS0027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022963","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Antigen presentation is a crucial process for vaccine\u2010induced immunity, as it determines the efficiency of a vaccine in eliciting effective antigen\u2010specific immune responses by simultaneously processing antigens and presenting them to T cells. A nano\u2010APC is designed and proposed to bypass the antigen processing step by antigen\u2010presenting cells (APCs) in vivo, directly eliciting effective antigen\u2010specific cellular immunity to protect against lethal viral infections. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) equipped with essential moieties for antigen presentation are prepared by incubating antigen\u2010loaded self\u2010adjuvanting chitosan nanoparticles (nChi) with na\u00efve APCs. nChi enhances antigen uptake, activates stimulatory factors, and promotes EV production. Remarkably, the EVs generated after APC activation by nChi retain key characteristics of the source cells, enabling them to effectively stimulate specific T cell proliferation in vitro, thereby acting as nano\u2010antigen\u2010presenting cells (nano\u2010APCs). Due to direct T cell activation, nano\u2010APC vaccines trigger a rapid and long\u2010lasting antigen\u2010specific humoral immunity and strong cellular immunity upon vaccination. In a 50\u2010fold LD50 influenza virus challenge, nano\u2010APC vaccines significantly enhanced mouse survival compared to the nanoparticle\u2010based vaccination group and other controls. These results suggest that nChi\u2010promoted EVs enable direct antigen presentation to T cells, paving the way for the development of an effective, safe, and versatile EV\u2010based vaccine platform.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202501291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T10:57:42Z","timestamp":1755082662000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Nanoadjuvant\u2010Mediated EV\u2010Derived Artificial APC to Trigger Protective Immunity Against Virus Infection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Xingwei","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways\uff0c Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University  Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 P. R. China"},{"name":"Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies Zhejiang University  Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yicong","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways\uff0c Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University  Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 P. R. China"},{"name":"Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies Zhejiang University  Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zitong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways\uff0c Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University  Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways\uff0c Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University  Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lishan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways\uff0c Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University  Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 P. R. China"},{"name":"Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies Zhejiang University  Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiake","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways\uff0c Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University  Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 P. R. China"},{"name":"Liangzhu Laboratory Zhejiang University  1369 West Wenyi Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 311121 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5277-7338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruikang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways\uff0c Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University  Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 P. R. China"},{"name":"Liangzhu Laboratory Zhejiang University  1369 West Wenyi Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 311121 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2933-7582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways\uff0c Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University  Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 P. R. China"},{"name":"Liangzhu Laboratory Zhejiang University  1369 West Wenyi Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 311121 P. R. China"},{"name":"Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies Zhejiang University  Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-041015-055700"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2020.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau6977"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.4.2126"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-019-0249-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.202000269"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01152"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.161653"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v4.26316"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-022-01098-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121424"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abb6981"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.162"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2017.1423494"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1720"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2010.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-016-2309-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2021.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1330"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12559"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-04171-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01966-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2014.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2014.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2019.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0002-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1801054"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","volume-title":"Vaccines","author":"Stanley A. P.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0531-5565(01)00210-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202204378"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39265-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202311640"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2024.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2021.01.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-022-00902-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI150143"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4529"}],"container-title":["Small"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.202501291","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/smll.202501291","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.202501291","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T18:46:23Z","timestamp":1772995583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smll.202501291"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"40","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smll.202501291"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smll.202501291","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1613-6810","1613-6829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1613-6810","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-6829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e01291"}}