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Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) is a promising strategy for managing FA in indoor environments. Here, the PCO of FA in indoor air has been investigated by modifying TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> with KOH (KOH\/TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>: expressed as KT\u2010x, where x = the molar concentration of KOH from 0.1\u20132\u00a0<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>). The KOH treatment achieves superior FA removal performance of KT\u20100.1 over TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (e.g., space\u2010time yield: 1.78E\u221203 versus 9.91E\u221204 molecules photon<jats:sup>\u22121\u00a0<\/jats:sup>mg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> and dynamic clean air delivery rate: 10 versus 5.43 L mg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00a0min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>). Such differences in photocatalytic activity reflect an enhancement in charge separation, molecular oxygen activation (on the photocatalyst surface), and electron mobility facilitated by the presence of surface hydroxyl groups and potassium on the TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> surface. On the KT\u2010x surface, the PCO of FA proceeds through several reactive intermediates (e.g., formate and dioxymethylene). According to density functional theory, the PCO of FA by KT\u2010x is promoted by the synergistic combination of oxygen vacancies and potassium impurities on the TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> surface. This research offers valuable insights into the development of cost\u2010effective photocatalysts with enhanced PCO performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202501387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T18:01:56Z","timestamp":1744912916000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Photocatalytic Efficacy of Potassium Hydroxide\u2013Based Modification of Titanium Dioxide in the Oxidative Destruction of Gaseous Formaldehyde"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Myeon\u2010Seong","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Hanyang University  222 Wangsimni\u2010Ro Seoul 04763 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kumar","family":"Vikrant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental 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