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However, characterization of nanocelluloses functionalized with small molecules at low grafting densities is challenging. Here, the use of high\u2010resolution frequency modulation atomic force microscopy (FM\u2010AFM) to directly visualize the covalent grafting of small molecules is demonstrated for the first time. Using epichlorohydrin as a linker, \u03b1\u2010cyclodextrin, \u03b2\u2010cyclodextrin, and tris(4\u2010\n                    <jats:italic>tert<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010butylphenyl)methanol are attached to the surface of bacterial nanocellulose. The presence of these groups is verified through spectroscopic measurements, and their covalent attachment is confirmed with FM\u2010AFM. Furthermore, the retention of cyclodextrin host\u2010guest activity after surface grafting is also demonstrated. This work represents a novel application of FM\u2010AFM for the characterization of small molecule\u2010grafted nanocelluloses, allowing for future development of advanced functionalization strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202501435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T07:09:51Z","timestamp":1753340991000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["High\u2010Resolution AFM Visualization of Nanocellulose Surface Grafting with Small Molecules"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4222-1701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas J.","family":"Andrew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of British Columbia  2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 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University  Kanazawa 920\u20101192 Japan"},{"name":"Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute University of British Columbia  2355 East Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada"},{"name":"UBC BioProducts Institute  2385 East Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 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