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As a broadly used solvent in OPV preparation, chloroform is rarely applied in the SS process since the chloroform\u2010based active layer solution generally forms a wrinkled film, which limits the performance of the devices. In this work, an SS process is developed with amphiphilic additives to prepare efficient OPVs using chloroform as the solvent. By adding amphiphilic additives into the chloroform solution, the interfacial tension between the chloroform solution and water can be tuned finely, and a uniform active layer film can be formed on the water surface. Adopting SS\u2010PM6:Y6 film as the active layer, the SS\u2010OPV is successfully prepared in open\u2010air conditions, and the device performance is comparable to the device prepared by the spin\u2010coating method. Notably, the OPV device using recycled SS\u2010PM6:Y6 film is also demonstrated to present an efficiency of over 14%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202501475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T04:20:09Z","timestamp":1747887609000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Amphiphilic Additives Enable the Preparation of Efficient Organic Photovoltaics by Spontaneous Spreading Process"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Huitong","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University  Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of 3D Micro\/Nano Fabrication and Characterization Research Center for Industries of the Future Department of Electronic and Information Engineering School of Engineering Westlake University  Hangzhou Zhejiang 310030 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qianqing","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of 3D Micro\/Nano Fabrication and Characterization Research Center for Industries of the Future Department of Electronic and Information Engineering School of Engineering Westlake University  Hangzhou Zhejiang 310030 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7288-1108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dianyi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University  Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of 3D Micro\/Nano Fabrication and Characterization Research Center for Industries of the Future Department of Electronic and Information Engineering School of Engineering Westlake University  Hangzhou Zhejiang 310030 China"},{"name":"Westlake Institute for Optoelectronics  Hangzhou Zhejiang 311421 China"},{"name":"Division of Solar Energy Conversion and Catalysis at Westlake University Zhejiang Baima Lake Laboratory Co., Ltd.  Hangzhou Zhejiang 310000 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30973-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.135443"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.4c01675"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12374"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2TC02316D"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1209\/0295-5075\/80\/64001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1557\/mrs2010.530"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202200342"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2021.105982"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202200342"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2019.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202009660"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3CC04568D"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2019.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/solr.202100326"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201904234"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jz402762h"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c2sm07150a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2016.1182485"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.09.081"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3TA00872J"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TA05268C"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2018.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202418393"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.21190"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.04.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.202411044"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.150968"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3EE00090G"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0138336"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c01779"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202302029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202403093"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202405415"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.158329"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2EE00639A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.142178"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cp51383a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2013.342"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.201900152"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.8b04027"}],"container-title":["Small"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.202501475","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T15:00:40Z","timestamp":1753369240000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smll.202501475"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"29","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smll.202501475"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smll.202501475","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1613-6810","1613-6829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1613-6810","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-6829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"2501475"}}