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Nonetheless, efforts in this area are challenging due to the rapid recombination of photogenerated electron\u2010hole (e\u2010h) pairs arising from over\u2010accumulation. Herein, various <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2010type hybrid photocatalysts, ND\u2010TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (x:y) (x and y represent the ratios of ND and TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, respectively), featuring excellent visible\u2010light responsiveness, fast separation and migration ability of charge carriers, and permanent porosity, are constructed via a sol\u2013gel self\u2010assembly approach. The rational assembly of ND with TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> not only effectively inhibits the problematic overgrowth of ND but also enables the composites with excellent visible\u2010light responsiveness, and facilitates the separation and migration of charge carriers, thus resulting in greatly improved photocatalytic H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> evolution performance. The optimized composite ND\u2010TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>(1:10) with 0.38 wt% Pt nanoparticle loading presents a maximum hydrogen\u2010evolution rate of 3.23 mmol\u00b7g<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00b7h<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, with extraordinary TON (2446) and TOF (163.1 h<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), which are much higher than\u00a0ND (0.031 mmol\u00b7g<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00b7h<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) and TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010Colloid (0.027 mmol\u00b7g<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00b7h<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) counterparts. In addition, the underlying photocatalytic mechanism is well established through comprehensive experiments and computational studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202501964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T07:09:44Z","timestamp":1747984184000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Synthesis of Self\u2010Assembled Porous Naphtalene Dianhydride\u2010TiO<sub>2<\/sub> Composites for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Yifan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hainan University  Haikou 570228 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derui","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hainan University  Haikou 570228 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianfen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco\u2010environmental Studies and Low\u2010carbon Agriculture in Peri\u2010urban Areas School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Zhaoqing University  Zhaoqing 526061 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"VanNatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of North Texas CHEM 305D  1508\u00a0W Mulberry St Denton Texas 76201 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hainan University  Haikou 570228 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaao","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hainan University  Haikou 570228 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengzhi","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hainan University  Haikou 570228 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pinghuai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hainan University  Haikou 570228 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujie","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hainan University  Haikou 570228 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanshuai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hainan University  Haikou 570228 China"},{"name":"Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University Hainan University  Sanya 572025 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng\u2010Xia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry GBRCE for Functional Molecular Engineering Lehn Institute of Functional Materials IGCME School of Chemistry Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Guangzhou 510006 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thamraa","family":"AlShahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics College of Science Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University 11564  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1897-7069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shengqian","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of North Texas CHEM 305D  1508\u00a0W Mulberry St Denton Texas 76201 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.140601","volume":"455","author":"Tayyab M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. 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