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However, the most critical mission is to design high active and economical electrocatalysts. Metal phthalocyanine (MPc)\u2010based electrocatalysts have attracted extensive research due to their well\u2010defined active sites and flexible structural tunability. Specifically, the structural features of MPcs are first introduced and then summarize the different catalytic mechanisms for different CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    RR products. Importantly, the two main modification strategies of axial and horizontal modulation of MPc\u2010based electrocatalysts are highlighted and systematically summarized. Furthermore, the selectivity of different MPc\u2010based electrocatalysts for CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    RR products is summarized. Finally, challenges and expectations of MPc\u2010based electrocatalyst design and selection are proposed. This article aims to present a comprehensive overview of MPc\u2010based electrocatalysts, expecting to further inspire the development of MPc\u2010based electrocatalysts and provide new ideas for the rational design of efficient electrocatalysts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202502897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T07:07:47Z","timestamp":1748243267000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Design Principles of Metal Phthalocyanine for Electrochemical CO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    Reduction: From Targeted Molecular Structures to Atomic\u2010Level Active Sites"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Caiyue","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Ministry of Education of China Beijing Key Laboratory of 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