{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T02:15:46Z","timestamp":1793067346250,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"42","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    2D chalcogenide\u2010based memristors have the potential to be used in artificial biological visual systems since their synaptic behavior can be optically and electrically modulated. Furthermore, 2D van der Waals materials such as SnS\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    can be used to integrate multifunctional optoelectronic devices by employing a rational design. Here, the simulation of a human biological visual system is reported by using multifunctional optoelectronic synaptic devices. First\u2010principles\u2010based DFT calculations show that SnS\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    is a semiconductor with a bandgap of 2.47\u00a0eV. The electrical and optical inputs can be controlled to perform memory and logic functions consistent with those in the brain's visual cortex. In particular, an SnS\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    memristor shows outstanding letter recognition and image memory as a function of wavelength\u2010sensitive responses, mimicking the biological retina. When the SnS\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    retina device is employed as the processing core, machine vision simulations indicate an excellent accuracy of 98.51% for Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) datasets. Owing to the excellent photosensitivity of SnS\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , these devices can operate at an ultralow voltage of 0.1\u00a0V, with an energy consumption of 0.345 nJ per event. Notably, the SnS\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010based photo\u2010synaptic device can perform the OR and AND logical operations by varying the optical input wavelengths. These findings are expected to pave the way for the development of advanced robotic vision systems with innovative neuromorphic computing capabilities. The integration of an exfoliated 2D SnS\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010based optoelectronic memristor with a hybrid AI framework is the key innovative motivation of this study, wherein empirically determined synaptic characteristics are employed to guide the training of a neural network model for image recognition tasks.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202504294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T10:08:07Z","timestamp":1756980487000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Chalcogenide\u2010Based Brain\u2010Inspired Photo\u2010Synapses for Neuromorphic Vision Sensor: An Experimental and Theoretical Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6429-7606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeesham","family":"Abbas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hybrid Materials Center (HMC) Sejong University  Seoul 05006 Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering Sejong University  Seoul 05006 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Riaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hybrid Materials Center (HMC) Sejong University  Seoul 05006 Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering Sejong University  Seoul 05006 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Hassan Abbas","family":"Jaffery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics Warsaw University of Technology  Koszykowa 75 Warsaw 00662 Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Khizar Abbas","family":"Abidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Optical Engineering Sejong University  Seoul 05006 South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sajjad","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hybrid Materials Center (HMC) Sejong University  Seoul 05006 Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering Sejong University  Seoul 05006 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jongwan","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hybrid Materials Center (HMC) Sejong University  Seoul 05006 Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering Sejong University  Seoul 05006 Republic of 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