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In vitrification, organs are cooled to cryogenic temperatures and transformed into a glassy state, allowing indefinite storage. However, rewarming without ice formation or thermal stress\u2010induced cracking remains a challenge. To overcome this, a technique called \u201cnanowarming,\u201d is pioneered in which iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are perfused into the organ's vasculature in combination with cryoprotective agents (CPAs). When rewarmed using a radiofrequency coil, the nanoparticles generate heat, enabling rapid and uniform warming. This method is scalable to large volumes because RF frequencies penetrate with minimal attenuation. While nanowarming is demonstrated with rat organs, clinical\u2010scale organs will require large quantities of IONPs that must remain stable in CPAs and provide effective heating. To scale up IONP purification, tangential flow filtration (TFF) is used, which achieved the purification of 0.72\u00a0g IONPs in 2.5\u00a0h. This method reduces IONP loss and residual content in the organ, ensuring effective heating while maintaining stability. Finally, the method by successfully transplanting cryopreserved and nanowarmed rat kidneys is validated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202504910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T09:31:09Z","timestamp":1758706269000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Scalable Purification of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Organ Cryopreservation and Transplantation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Onyinyechukwu Justina","family":"Oziri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph Sushil","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron","family":"Scheithauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zonghu","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saurin","family":"Kantesaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology University of Minnesota Medical School  Minneapolis MN 55455 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane","family":"Tobolt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haopu","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael L","family":"Etheridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yadong","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik B","family":"Finger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6726-7111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John C","family":"Bischof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455 USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455 USA"},{"name":"Institute for Engineering in Medicine University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3889"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3971"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38824-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/164666a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/313573a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2004.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56585-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201802045"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2024.104893"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z. 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