{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T18:52:21Z","timestamp":1788893541784,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/Y01555X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/Y01555X\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011199","name":"FP7 Ideas: European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H2020\u2010ERC\u2010PoC\u2010754748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020\u2010ERC\u2010PoC\u2010754748"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A novel heterostructured hexagonal\u2010boron nitride (h\u2010BN) flake\u2010coating on multi\u2010wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT\/BN) is reported and synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Comprehensive characterization using X\u2010ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), combined with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), revealed the atomic structure and growth mechanism, which is further validated by molecular dynamics simulations. The resulting MWCNT\/BN structure comprises three distinct layers: an inner carbon nanotube (CNT) core, coaxial BN nanotubes (BNNTs) surrounding the CNT core, and outer BN flakes extending from the BNNTs. We propose that BN layers first form coaxial BNNTs on the CNT surface; as deposition proceeds, BN accumulation generate in\u2010plane and out\u2010of\u2010plane compressive stresses in the h\u2010BN layers. When these stresses exceed a critical threshold, local buckling or cracking occurs, BN flakes emerge and grow further. This work elucidates, for the first time, the formation mechanism of BN nanoflakes on MWCNTs and confirms that the structure is a van der Waals heterostructure. The approach also offers a new route for synthesizing coaxial MWCNT@BN with only a few h\u2010BN layers. Notably, the BN flake coatings provide efficient phonon transport pathways and a large surface area, making this heterostructure highly promising for applications in thermal dissipation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202505371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T10:16:31Z","timestamp":1766484991000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Formation Mechanism of BN Flakes on MWCNTs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0671-1834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tongshan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials University of Oxford  Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PH UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5555-7733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingyi","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Physical &amp; Theoretical Chemistry Lab University of Oxford  Mansfield Rd Oxford OX1 3QZ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4259-7450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David G.","family":"Hopkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electron Physical Science Imaging Centre Diamond Light Source Ltd  Didcot Oxfordshire OX11 0DE UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6353-6000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher S.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials University of Oxford  Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PH UK"},{"name":"Electron Physical Science Imaging Centre Diamond Light Source Ltd  Didcot Oxfordshire OX11 0DE UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3101-366X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara M.","family":"Maciejewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials University of Oxford  Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PH UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4599-7943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Physical &amp; Theoretical Chemistry Lab University of Oxford  Mansfield Rd Oxford OX1 3QZ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8499-8749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Grobert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials University of Oxford  Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PH UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2023.171159"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2020.229092"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR03426D"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-7-33"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diamond.2012.02.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7NJ00623C"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jz200641c"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202100801"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201601298"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202406958"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"161","volume":"17","author":"Wang H.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanomicro Lett."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2015.06.072"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2019.107977"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202000769"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CS00450A"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11408"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2012.256"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","volume-title":"2D Materials","author":"Narayanan T. N.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7499"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02666"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202104969"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.0c00504"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44315-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1557\/jmr.2012.43"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c2ra21443a"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NA00583E"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2006.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nl0602544"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201001628"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp110985w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.201300002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CP06155F"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b03492"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3638129"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03042-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TA04663C"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2010.02.056"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1107\/S0108767312047587"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano8090716"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.81.1869"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpc.2021.108171"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevb.86.115410"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4867272"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c13792"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202402871"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2013.02.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2013.02.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2015.02.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6NR01660J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2017.06.056"}],"container-title":["Small"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.202505371","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/smll.202505371","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.202505371","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T10:06:06Z","timestamp":1773309966000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smll.202505371"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smll.202505371"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smll.202505371","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1613-6810","1613-6829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1613-6810","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-6829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e05371"}}