{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T04:54:19Z","timestamp":1792990459011,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"46","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    A solid sodium\u2010ion conducting gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) is presented, directly synthesized on the sodium\u2010metal\/electrodes, as an alternative solid\u2010like electrolyte to conventional liquid and ceramic electrolytes for high\u2010performance sodium\u2010ion batteries (SIBs). The GPE is obtained via an efficient synthesis protocol, wherein a mixture of liquid electrolyte (LE) and polymer precursors (PP) is in situ polymerized inside a prefabricated porous electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membrane, stabilized on either Na\u2010metal or Na\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    V\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (PO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) (NVP) electrode. The membrane's high porosity allows substantially high LE (\u224860 vol%) confinement within its pores, which, following the polymerization, leads to a densely packed, mechanically and thermally stable amorphous gel. The GPE exhibited high sodium\u2010ion conductivity (\u22481 mS cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2248 LE ion conductivity) and transference number (0.63), wide electrochemical stability window (5.2 V), and excellent interfacial stability. The chemically stable GPE mitigated dendritic growth, leading to successive sodium\u2010stripping\/plating over 100s of cycles with low overpotentials at varying current densities. While the solid\u2013electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth on the Na\u2010electrode in the case of LE, studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, reveals an unstable self\u2010similar variation of growth with time (\u22481 month), the GPE exhibits a stable SEI growth over longer durations of time (\u22482 months). In (Na||Na\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    V\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (PO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    )\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) configuration, i.e. sodium\u2010metal batteries (SMBs) and symmetric Na\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    V\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (PO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    )\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ||Na\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    V\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (PO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    )\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    batteries, the GPE shows remarkable cyclability, delivering consistent performance at 1C over 500\u20131000 cycles at room temperature. The diversity of GPE is also demonstrated via its remarkably stable cyclability over 100s of cycles with novel Sn\u2010based alloy anodes, an upcoming alternative anode to hard carbons.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202506134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T08:50:54Z","timestamp":1759827054000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["In Situ Polymerized Gel Electrolytes on Na\u2010Metal\/Electrodes for High\u2010Performance Sodium\u2010Ion Batteries"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Debalina","family":"Deb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Energy Research Indian Institute of Science  Bengaluru Karnataka 560012 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanhita","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit Indian Institute of Science  Bengaluru Karnataka 560012 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuliia","family":"Kravets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Humboldt\u2010University of Berlin Department of Chemistry  Brook\u2010Taylor\u2010Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Adelhelm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Humboldt\u2010University of Berlin Department of Chemistry  Brook\u2010Taylor\u2010Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0736-0004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aninda J.","family":"Bhattacharyya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Energy Research Indian Institute of Science  Bengaluru Karnataka 560012 India"},{"name":"Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit Indian Institute of 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