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Still, the impacts of NPs on the endocrine control of reproduction remain poorly understood, despite increasing trends of infertility worldwide. In mammals, reproductive function relies on the hypothalamus\u2010pituitary\u2010gonadal axis, centrally regulated by gonadotropin\u2010releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. Disruption in GnRH neuron development or function leads to GnRH deficiency (GD), a genetic condition presenting delayed puberty and infertility. Yet, genetic causes explain only \u223c50% of GD cases, suggesting a role for environmental factors in disease etiology. Here, we investigate NP effects on GnRH neuron biology by applying two established in vitro models: hormone\u2010secreting GT1\u20107 cells and migrating GN11 cells. We show that NPs enter cells via non\u2010classical endocytosis, alter neuroendocrine function in GT1\u20107 cells, and impair migration in GN11 cells. Transcriptomic analysis of NP\u2010exposed GN11 cells reveals differential expression of key genes linked to GnRH neuron development. Moreover, integrating these findings with exome sequencing data from patients with GD identifies rare\n                    <jats:italic>NPAS2<\/jats:italic>\n                    variants in two males with severe pubertal delay. These results suggest that PS\u2010NPs disrupt key physiological functions of GnRH neurons and may act as novel endocrine disruptors, contributing to the pathogenesis of reproductive disorders.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202506171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T12:18:56Z","timestamp":1770380336000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Nanoplastics Impair GnRH Neuron Migration and Neuroendocrine Function: Emerging Players in the Pathogenesis of Reproductive Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Federica","family":"Amoruso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences \u201cRodolfo Paoletti\u201d Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyssa Julia Jennifer","family":"Paganoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences \u201cRodolfo Paoletti\u201d Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astrid","family":"Saraceni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology Universit\u00e0 di Torino  Turin Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Magnani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Science for Health Universit\u00e0 di Torino  Turin Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Brossa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Science for Health Universit\u00e0 di Torino  Turin Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio Roberto","family":"Merlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Science for Health Universit\u00e0 di Torino  Turin Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Matei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lister Hospital East and North Hertfordshire Teaching NHS Trust  Stevenage UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4891-2506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruben Heinjan","family":"Willemsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Endocrinology Barts Health NHS Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00edssa Carneiro","family":"Rezende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetic Endocrinology Unit (LIM25) Endocrinology Division Faculdade De Medicina da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo (HC\u2010FMUSP)  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander Augusto de Lima","family":"Jorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetic Endocrinology Unit (LIM25) Endocrinology Division Faculdade De Medicina da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo (HC\u2010FMUSP)  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Dal Bello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Science for Health Universit\u00e0 di Torino  Turin Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Bovolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology Universit\u00e0 di Torino  Turin Italy"},{"name":"SUSPLAS@UniTo Sustainable Plastic Scientific Hub Universit\u00e0 di Torino  Turin Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sasha Rose","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Endocrinology William Harvey Research Institute Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London  London UK"},{"name":"Department of Paediatric Endocrinology Barts Health NHS Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5692-3328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Oleari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences \u201cRodolfo Paoletti\u201d Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Cariboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences \u201cRodolfo Paoletti\u201d Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano  Milan Italy"},{"name":"Coordinating Research Center on 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