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However, challenges arising from its intrinsic crystal structure remain insufficiently addressed. This study aims to introduce both oxygen vacancies and fluorine ions into the SnO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    lattice, yielding a modified compound with a chemical composition of SnO\n                    <jats:sub>1.74<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u00a3\n                    <jats:sub>0.16<\/jats:sub>\n                    F\n                    <jats:sub>0.1<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Notably, SnO\n                    <jats:sub>1.74<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u00a3\n                    <jats:sub>0.16<\/jats:sub>\n                    F\n                    <jats:sub>0.1<\/jats:sub>\n                    anode exhibits an enhanced discharge capacity and improved cycling stability. These enhancements are attributed to the accelerated Na\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    diffusion and increased electrochemical activity, as confirmed by kinetics investigations and in situ X\u2010ray diffraction (XRD) characterizations. Furthermore, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo\u2010TEM) analyses reveal that the coexistence of oxygen vacancies and fluorine anions promotes the formation of a NaF\u2010rich solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer, showing an excellent compatibility in sodium\u2010ion batteries, which holds prospects for the realization of the next generation of energy storage systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202506470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T10:00:16Z","timestamp":1756720816000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Rational Defect and Fluorine Chemistry in Tin Oxide Enables Reversible Na Intercalation with a Stable NaF\u2010Rich SEI Formation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Pinxian","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory for R&amp;D and Application of Metallic Functional Materials Institute of New Energy for Vehicles School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji University  Shanghai 201804 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Ait Tamerd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory for R&amp;D and Application of Metallic Functional Materials Institute of New Energy for Vehicles School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji University  Shanghai 201804 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei\u2010Hsiang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC)  Hsinchu 300092 Taiwan"},{"name":"Sustainable Electrochemical Energy Development (SEED) Center National Taiwan University of Science and Technology  Taipei 106 Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Menghao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory for R&amp;D and Application of Metallic Functional Materials Institute of New Energy for Vehicles School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji University  Shanghai 201804 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengkun","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University  Zhengzhou 450001 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4209-7667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiwei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory for R&amp;D and Application of Metallic Functional Materials Institute of New Energy for Vehicles School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji University  Shanghai 201804 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.0c02181"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2024.110052"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eem2.12633"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42114-024-00928-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202307275"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-021-3407-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202404192"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6EE02685K"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c06465"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","volume":"7","author":"Guo K. 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