{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T03:09:46Z","timestamp":1790478586718,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764460800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    A sustainable strategy to mitigate nitrate (NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) contamination in water involves its electrochemical reduction to ammonia (NH\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), a valuable green fuel. However, nitrate reduction reaction (NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    RR) is hindered by sluggish kinetics and poor selectivity due to the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein a strategic synthesis of a spinel high\u2010entropy oxide (HEAO) heterostructure is reported as an efficient electrocatalyst for NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    RR. The HEAO exhibits a Tafel slope of 275\u00a0mV dec\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , a Faradaic efficiency of 84%, and an impressive NH\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    production rate of 314\u00a0\u00b5mol h\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    at \u22120.6\u00a0V versus RHE. Mott\u2013Schottky analysis reveals a high donor density and a low flat\u2010band potential, which contribute to the enhanced reaction kinetics. Hydrophobicity studies demonstrate that the water\u2010repellent nature of the HEAO suppresses the HER, favoring NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    RR selectivity. Finally, an energy conversion device based on this catalytic system is proposed, which delivers a promising open\u2010circuit potential of 0.61\u00a0V and a peak power density of 2.3\u00a0mW cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    at 27\u00a0mA cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    . A comprehensive density functional theory (DFT) analysis reveals that the Fe\u2010Mn bridge site in HEAO possesses optimal adsorption energy for NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ions and its capability to selectively reduce NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    toward NH\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202507803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T19:24:39Z","timestamp":1764530679000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Engineering a Stable High Entropy Infused Spinel Oxide for Electrocatalytic Conversion of Nitrate to Ammonia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4273-6190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gokul","family":"Raj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Research Centre Indian Institute of Science  Bangalore 560012 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soumen","family":"Midya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Research Centre Indian Institute of Science  Bangalore 560012 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravi","family":"Nandan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Research Centre Indian Institute of Science  Bangalore 560012 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omeshwari Yadorao","family":"Bisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Research Centre Indian Institute of Science  Bangalore 560012 India"},{"name":"Nachwuchsgruppe Gestaltung des Sauerstoffentwicklungsmechanismus Helmholtz\u2010Zentrum Berlin f\u00fcr Materialien und Energie GmbH  Hahn\u2010Meitner\u2010Platz 14109 Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arpan","family":"chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Research Centre Indian Institute of Science  Bangalore 560012 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malti","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Research Centre Indian Institute of Science  Bangalore 560012 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashok Kumar","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics Division Bhabha Atomic Research Centre  Trombay Mumbai 400085 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhishek Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Research Centre Indian Institute of Science  Bangalore 560012 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9496-1408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karuna Kar","family":"Nanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Research Centre Indian Institute of Science  Bangalore 560012 India"},{"name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics Division Bhabha Atomic Research Centre  Trombay Mumbai 400085 India"},{"name":"Institute of Physics  Bhubaneshwar 751005 India"},{"name":"Homi Bhabha National Institute  Anushaktinagar Mumbai 400094 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202409696"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume":"11","author":"Khan K.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale The Royal Society of Chemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1GC01913A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202401472"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202405179"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.1c01568"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.131317"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","volume":"3","author":"Sahoo S. 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