{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T17:12:13Z","timestamp":1781716333646,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are promising candidates for next\u2010generation nanoelectronics and optoelectronics. Yet, controlling layer number, stacking angle, and interfacial quality in van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures remains challenging, often limiting device performance and reproducibility. Homojunctions formed within a single 2D material can circumvent these issues, but their reliable fabrication and systematic exploration of exotic quantum phenomena remain elusive. Here, we report the fabrication and characterization of a thickness\u2010modulated lateral p\u2013n homojunction from a single flake of Nb\u2010doped MoS\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    . This configuration suppresses interface traps without external interface engineering, enabling excellent and highly stable device performance. The diodes exhibit strong rectifying behavior with a rectification ratio of \u224810\u2074 and a remarkably low ideality factor (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b7<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 1.23). Notably, we observe field\u2010dependent negative differential resistance (NDR) at low temperatures, offering unique prospects for unconventional electronic applications. The devices also achieve high photoresponsivity (1.09 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    A W\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), external quantum efficiency (2.16 \u00d7 10\u2075%), and detectivity (7.5 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>10<\/jats:sup>\n                    Jones). Furthermore, electrical breakdown studies reveal avalanche multiplication at relatively low voltages, enabling high\u2010performance avalanche photodetectors. Overall, our results demonstrate a simple yet robust approach for probing carrier multiplication in 2D homojunction p\u2013n diodes, underlining the broad potential of TMDCs in advanced optoelectronic and quantum device applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202509043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T11:12:27Z","timestamp":1766574747000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Electrical Transport of Nb\u2010Doped MoS\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    Homojunction P\u2013N Diode: Investigating NDR and Avalanche Effect"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Ehsan","family":"Elahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology Prague  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umer","family":"Ahsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology Prague  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Farooq","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Semiconductor Systems Engineering, Seoul Sejong University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamal","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Smart Sensor Systems University of Wuppertal  Wuppertal Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Payal","family":"Chauhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology Prague  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142 Piotr","family":"Micha\u0142owski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lukasiewicz Research Network \u2010 Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics  Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Goki","family":"Eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Centre for Advanced 2D Materials National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Loula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the ASCR  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalyan Jyoti","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology Prague  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1391-4448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zdenek","family":"Sofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology Prague  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2802704"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b03237"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn507278b"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3NR04547A"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4936378"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26656"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4091"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c08166"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3MA00786C"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2014.150"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.93.196805"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2020.2975582"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-022-4463-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aelm.202100292"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0130930"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3MA00786C"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2021.12.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/abb970"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202314274"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17517-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NJ01267C"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah4698"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2021.08.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201502923"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c19906"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201903173"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2020.106844"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202006941"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b05574"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/T-ED.1980.19979"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-018-0239-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4NR03472D"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/T-ED.1980.19979"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D5TC02021B"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.7b00252"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2013.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtphys.2020.100290"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4NR03703K"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-019-2294-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn4024834"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.7b02311"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cap.2013.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4452"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nl303583v"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b22004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02631-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.83.245213"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201904465"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2014.25"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nl501962c"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","volume-title":"Physics of Semiconductor Devices","author":"Sze S. M.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b03342"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aelm.201800853"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.102.115415"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smsc.202300202"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","unstructured":"R.Mitra K.Iordanidou N.Shetty et\u00a0al. arXiv preprintarXiv:2409.04908(2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y.Tang L.Gan J.Feng Y.Li Y.Zhong andC.Ning InNegative differential resistance in multilayer MoTe 2 FET 2023 Opto\u2010Electronics and Communications Conference (OECC) (IEEE 2023) 1\u20132.","DOI":"10.1109\/OECC56963.2023.10209940"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/inf2.12556"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3NR04547A"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201604439"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn503284n"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn2024557"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41535-021-00409-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202102437"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47958-2"}],"container-title":["Small"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.202509043","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/smll.202509043","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.202509043","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T08:11:15Z","timestamp":1770883875000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smll.202509043"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smll.202509043"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smll.202509043","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1613-6810","1613-6829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1613-6810","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-6829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e09043"}}