{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T19:59:18Z","timestamp":1789675158293,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765152000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IIRPSG\u20102024\u201001\u201000486"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIRPSG\u20102024\u201001\u201000486"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The gut microbiota varies along the length and cross\u2010section of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, influencing diseases. Direct sampling from the upper GI tract remains challenging due to anatomical constraints and low\u2010volume genomic sequencing. Here, we report an ingestible, pill\u2010like microdevice (7 \u00d7 2.7\u00a0mm) that enables in vivo microbiome and biomarker sampling in Sprague\u2013Dawley rats \u2013 demonstrating, for the first time, successful autonomous pyloric transit of a microdevice via oral gavage. The device comprises an enteric\u2010coated gelatin cap that protects it in gastric pH (1\u20131.5) and disintegrates at intestinal pH (3\u20135), allowing luminal fluid via an inlet connected to activation and sampling chambers. A polyacrylate hydrogel in the activation chamber swells to seal the inlet to prevent cross\u2010contamination. In vivo studies (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 5) confirmed successful pyloric transit in 4\/5 rats without tissue injury or inflammation. Each retrieved device yielded 13.48 \u00b1 4.66\u00a0ng genomic DNA, enabling 16S rRNA sequencing of site\u2010specific microbiota distinct from fecal profiles. Concurrent detection of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (\u22486.5\u00a0\u00b5g\u00a0mL\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) confirmed dual microbiome\u2013protein biomarker capability. We demonstrate species\u2010level microbiota identification via nanopore sequencing using an orally ingestible platform technology for longitudinal gut microbiome profiling, paving way for studies in large animals and humans.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202510289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T11:14:11Z","timestamp":1765192451000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Small Pill\u2010Like Ingestible Microdevice for Site\u2010Specific Microbiome Sampling in the Upper GI Tract"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Anshul","family":"Nema","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi 110016 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debajit","family":"Dhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi 110016 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venkata Sai Reddy","family":"Ramireddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi 110016 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kumari","family":"Priyam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi 110016 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samagra","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi 110029 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9723-0632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarvesh Kumar","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi 110016 India"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi 110029 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1124234"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1600266"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/6868417"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI154944"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0965-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-024-00536-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86980-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c05426"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2022.3155534"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.device.2024.100406"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.201900053"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.04.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-02921-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1996.57.09.1266"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13587"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-05989-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.device.2025.100904"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","author":"Taillandier P.","year":"2025","journal-title":"bioRvix"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24460"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","volume-title":"Shigley's Mechanical Engineering Design","author":"Budynas R. 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