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However, industrial application is hindered by structural instability, imprecise active\u2010site control, complex product distributions, and competing side reactions. Such structural strategies include facet engineering, defect creation, oxidation\u2010state modulation, and interface engineering, which have improved selectivity, yet most focus on static structure\u2013performance relationships, overlooking dynamic surface behaviors of intermediates. This review builds a mechanism\u2010centered framework along the CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    RR pathway (CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    activation,\n                    <jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup>\n                    CO enrichment,\n                    <jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup>\n                    CO dimerization) to elucidate how adsorption configuration, spatial distribution, coverage dynamics, and transformation kinetics of intermediates govern selectivity, providing both theoretical guidance and practical strategies for the development of next\u2010generation Cu\u2010based CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    RR systems with enhanced selectivity, durability, and industrial applicability.\n                  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