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However, the low water resistance, poor penetration, and weak adhesion strength severely bottleneck the practical application of bio\u2010adhesives. Here, we present a strong, tough, and flame\u2010retardant soybean meal (SM)\u2010based adhesive with high penetration through a hierarchical dual bio\u2010inspired strategy, combining the hard\u2010soft phase combination of bivalve hinges and the root\u2010like topological entanglement of plants. In this system, calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) acts as rigid fillers to prompt crack deflection and energy dissipation, while polyacrylamide (PAM) entanglement further enhances the toughness of the SM matrix and mechanical interlocking at the interface. The prepared SM\u2010adhesive achieves significant enhancements in dry shear strengths and wet work of adhesive, which were 6.0 folds and 37.5 folds higher than those of the primary SM. Furthermore, prepared adhesive exhibits excellent flame retardancy with limiting oxygen index of 32.5%, attributing to the gas\u2010phase protective layer and condensed\u2010phase flame retardancy of CSA. This work establishes a sustainable pathway for replacing traditional petroleum\u2010based adhesives in plywood, and it has potential to develop on industrial\u2010scale and achieve eco\u2010friendly alternatives in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202511261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T17:50:00Z","timestamp":1770659400000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Strong, Tough and Flame\u2010Retardant Bio\u2010Adhesives of Soybean Meal with High Penetrability by Hierarchical Dual Bio\u2010Inspired Strategy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products Chinese Academy of Forestry  Nanjing China"},{"name":"Co\u2010Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources Nanjing Forestry University  Nanjing Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products Chinese Academy of Forestry  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products Chinese Academy of Forestry  Nanjing China"},{"name":"Co\u2010Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources Nanjing Forestry University  Nanjing Jiangsu 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingsong","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products Chinese Academy of Forestry  Nanjing China"},{"name":"Co\u2010Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources Nanjing Forestry University  Nanjing Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiulan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Center Dare WoodBased Panel Group Co., Ltd  Zhenjiang Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingya","family":"Nan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products Chinese Academy of Forestry  Nanjing 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