{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T11:55:02Z","timestamp":1765454102210,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"49","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008902","name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008902","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007000","name":"Laboratory Directed Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20230065DR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230065DR"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007000","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Ionomers play an important role in carbon dioxide (CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) electrolyzers by affecting CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    reduction reaction (CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    RR) at the cathode. In this study, we systematically examines the impact that different ionomers have on CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    RR at atomically dispersed nickel\u2013nitrogen\u2013carbon (Ni\u2500N\u2500C) catalyst. We compare the effects of two acidic cation exchange ionomers, perfluorosulfonic acid (Nafion) and sulfonated poly(aryl ether sulfone), and two alkaline anion exchange ionomers: quaternary ammonium\u2010functionalized poly(aryl piperidinium) and quaternary ammonium\u2010functionalized polyfluorene. Of the four ionomers, the Nafion\u2010bonded electrode reaches the highest CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    RR activity and selectivity in H\u2010cell testing likely due to the polymer weak interaction with the Ni\u2500N\u2500C catalyst. Flow cell measurements further validate superior CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    RR performance of the Nafion\u2010bonded electrode relative to those containing other polymers. The findings from this research highlight a critical importance of interactions between the ionomers and the catalyst surface in CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    reduction, which go beyond their well\u2010established role in regulating local pH and hydrophobic\/hydrophilic properties of the catalyst layer.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202511445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T19:01:18Z","timestamp":1760900478000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Ionomer on CO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    Reduction at Atomically Dispersed Ni\u2500N\u2500C Catalyst"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5558-0258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youngdon","family":"Ko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Physics and Applications Division Los Alamos National Laboratory  Los\u00a0Alamos NM 87545 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4394-9710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hengquan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)  Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3111-2270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Osmieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Physics and Applications Division Los Alamos National Laboratory  Los\u00a0Alamos NM 87545 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4315-6083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanguang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Physics and Applications Division Los Alamos National Laboratory  Los\u00a0Alamos NM 87545 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Po\u0142czy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Physics and Applications Division Los Alamos National Laboratory  Los\u00a0Alamos NM 87545 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6063-5903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santosh","family":"Adhikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Diagnostics and Engineering Group Los Alamos National Laboratory  Los\u00a0Alamos NM 87545 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7965-7387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung Geol","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)  Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)  Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5446-3890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu Seung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Physics and Applications Division Los Alamos National Laboratory  Los\u00a0Alamos NM 87545 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8962-9520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Zelenay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Physics and Applications Division Los Alamos National Laboratory  Los\u00a0Alamos NM 87545 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