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In LOM scenario, one viewpoint is that the degree of metal\u2010oxygen covalency controls the OER activity, while the other argument suggests the determining factor is oxygen vacancy. However, metal\u2010oxygen covalency has a competing relationship with oxygen vacancy. Herein, it is demonstrated that the intrinsic OER activity of cobaltite perovskites would be more accurately described by considering two competing factors on the O sites, i.e., oxygen 2p hole (an indicator of metal\u2010oxygen covalency) and oxygen vacancy simultaneously. The increment in oxygen 2p hole favors the LOM route but weakens the hydroxide affinity, whereas moderate oxygen vacancy mitigates the undesirable effects of high oxygen 2p hole. Specifically, the Sr\n                    <jats:sub>0.9<\/jats:sub>\n                    Y\n                    <jats:sub>0.1<\/jats:sub>\n                    CoO\n                    <jats:sub>3\u2010\u03b4<\/jats:sub>\n                    catalyst among Sr\n                    <jats:sub>1\u2010x<\/jats:sub>\n                    Y\n                    <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    CoO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    system has an ideal balance between oxygen 2p hole and oxygen vacancy, catalyzes OER via LOM, showing the optimal intrinsic activity. The proposed dual\u2010parameter descriptor offers a coherent explanation for the OER activity of cobaltite perovskites, and more importantly, it would shed light on future design of efficient OER electrocatalysts under the classic Sabatier principle.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202512440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T13:54:52Z","timestamp":1763646892000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Balance Between Oxygen 2p Holes and Oxygen Vacancies for Optimal Water Oxidation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6561-4167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gao","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Energy Devices and Interface Science School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology  Nanjing 210044 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5229-6726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiran","family":"Ying","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics and Research Institute for Smart Energy The Hong Kong Polytechnic University  Hong Kong 999077 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3366-4309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sixuan","family":"She","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics and Research Institute for Smart Energy The Hong Kong Polytechnic University  Hong Kong 999077 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1224-9925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanping","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics and Research Institute for Smart Energy The Hong Kong Polytechnic University  Hong Kong 999077 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max\u2010Planck\u2010Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids  N\u00f6thnitzer Street 40 01187 Dresden Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayi","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WA School of Mines: Minerals Energy and Chemical Engineering Curtin University  Perth WA 6102 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xubin","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing 100190 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youwen","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing 100190 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang\u2010Yang","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center  101 Hsin\u2010Ann Road Hsinchu 30076 Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Electrophysics National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Hsinchu 300 Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien\u2010Te","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center  101 Hsin\u2010Ann Road Hsinchu 30076 Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongsheng","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Energy Devices and Interface Science School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology  Nanjing 210044 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haitao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics and Research Institute for Smart Energy The Hong Kong Polytechnic University  Hong Kong 999077 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zongping","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WA School of Mines: Minerals Energy and Chemical Engineering Curtin University  Perth WA 6102 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41929-024-01136-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c09931"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","volume":"34","author":"Li Y.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. 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