{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T01:54:02Z","timestamp":1785549242583,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Electrochemical CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    reduction reaction (CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    RR) in neutral or alkaline environment suffers from carbonate formation, leading to low CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    utilization. Acidic operation can mitigate this issue, but is hampered by the dominant hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Here, we report a cavitated carbon particle (CCP)\u2013supported Au catalyst featuring abundant inner cavities that sustain elevated local alkalinity. These cavities could be formed by inducing interfacial instability in block copolymer particles. A solid carbon particle (SCP)\u2010supported Au catalyst, which does not possess any cavities, was also synthesized, and the effect of the cavity for the CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    RR was evaluated in 5\u00a0wt.% Au\/CCP and Au\/SCP catalysts at pH 2. Flow cell data and multi\u2010physics simulation results confirm that a confined cavity geometry (diameter \u223c130\u00a0nm) could increase local alkalinity significantly, suppressing HER and enhancing CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    reduction. The microenvironment was further modulated by changing the binder type, cation identity, and cation concentration. These findings establish cavity confinement as a powerful strategy to modulate the local reaction environment and enable selective CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    RR under highly acidic conditions, providing a viable pathway for efficient CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    electrolysis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202512750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T10:20:08Z","timestamp":1770200408000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Block Copolymer Particle\u2010Templated Cavitated Carbons Achieve Local Alkalinity for Enhancing Acidic Electrochemical CO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    Reduction"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Junpyo","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)  Daejeon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaeyoung","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)  Daejeon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Haaring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)  Daejeon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinwoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)  Daejeon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Won","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)  Daejeon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minseung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)  Daejeon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Younghyeon","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)  Daejeon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taewan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)  Daejeon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7783-9689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bumjoon J.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)  Daejeon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4538-9086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunjoo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)  Daejeon Republic of 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