{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T10:01:40Z","timestamp":1791540100570,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016804","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shenzhen Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JCYJ20241202125501002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20241202125501002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019535","name":"Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Hebei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024AFA049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024AFA049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019535","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52176187\uff1b52306245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52176187\uff1b52306245"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The Ni anchored nitrogen\u2010doped carbon (Ni\u2010N\u2010C) are considered a promising catalysts toward electrocatalytic CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    reduction reaction (CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    RR). During preparation process, the inevitable formation of Ni nanoparticles is generally considered unfavorable. However, emerging evidence suggests that the impact of Ni nanoparticles on CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    RR is governed by confinement and structural evolution, which remains poorly understood and motivates systematic investigation. In this work, a flower\u2010like carbon framework was designed to confine Ni species, enabling the coexistence of Ni\u2010N\u2010C sites and different sizes Ni nanoparticles. The results reveal that moderate Ni introduction (0.2\u20131\u00a0mmol) stabilizes small Ni nanoparticles and enhances micropore. Consequently, the Ni\u2010N\u2010C\/Ni\u20100.2 and Ni\u2010N\u2010C\/Ni\u20101 samples achieved superior CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    RR activity, delivering a CO faradaic efficiency (FE\n                    <jats:sub>CO<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) of \u223c90% at \u22121.0\u00a0V versus. RHE. Importantly, the confinement of flower\u2010like carbon ensured that FE\n                    <jats:sub>CO<\/jats:sub>\n                    could be retained above 85% even after 30\u00a0h continuous operation. Time\u2010resolved structural characterizations combined with density functional theory calculations reveal that catalyst deactivation originates from the gradual transformation of confined Ni species into exposed metallic nanoparticles, which promote hydrogen evolution and hinder *COOH formation. This work establishes a direct correlation between Ni nanoparticle size evolution and CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    RR performance, highlighting confinement engineering as an effective strategy for designing durable catalysts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202512966","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T12:48:36Z","timestamp":1769172516000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Size\u2010Dependent Effect of Ni Nanoparticles Confined in Ni\u2010Modified Flower\u2010Like Carbon Toward CO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    Electroreduction Reaction"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Shibiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion School of Energy and Power Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion School of Energy and Power Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhibang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion School of Energy and Power Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion School of Energy and Power Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan P. R. China"},{"name":"Research Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen  Shenzhen P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion School of Energy and Power Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Honggang","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion School of Energy and Power Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingai","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen  Shenzhen P. R. China"},{"name":"Department of New Energy Science and Engineering School of Energy and Power Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiping","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion School of Energy and Power Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan P. R. 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