{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T12:02:45Z","timestamp":1790164965421,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82371381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82371381"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82571563"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82571563"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82171363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82171363"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82171458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82171458"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52303192"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52303192"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a leading cause of death and disability, with current treatments showing limited efficacy. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic avenue. However, challenges persist in their clinical application owing to inadequate blood\u2013brain barrier permeability and inefficient delivery to key brain cells. In this study, we developed a near\u2010infrared aggregation\u2010induced emission probe (P2T) that enhances the optical tracking of EVs. P2T\u2010labeled EVs demonstrated improved blood\u2013brain barrier permeability and increased neuronal uptake, thereby enhancing their therapeutic efficacy. Using P2T to track endothelial cell\u2013derived EVs (EC\u2010EVs) in a TBI mouse model, we employed single\u2010nucleus RNA sequencing and functional studies, which revealed that EC\u2010EVs facilitate neurological recovery by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis via the mGluR1\/PLC signaling pathway. This research not only establishes a valuable tool for studying EV biology in the brain, but also advances the targeted delivery of EVs, promoting their clinical use in diagnosing and treating neurological disorders. Moreover, we identified specific brain cell targets and molecular mechanisms through which EC\u2010EVs exert neuroprotective effects following TBI, providing a solid theoretical foundation for their clinical application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202513066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T11:23:16Z","timestamp":1790162596000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Brain\u2010Penetrant Dual\u2010Action AIE Probes for Extracellular Vesicle Tracking and Enhancing Neuronal Protection in Traumatic Brain Injury"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Xiangyu","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University  Xi'an China"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery 900th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistic Support Force Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University  Fuzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zixuan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kangyi","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhicheng","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education The College of Life Sciences Nankai University  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heqi","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices Ministry of Education Xi'an Jiao Tong University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0746-939X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/nre\u2010182618"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000005522"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.111.620112"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474\u20104422(18)30415\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571\u2010016\u20100366\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/agt2.70086"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/agt2.70018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v4.26316"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.119.025371"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2017.3106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951\u2010023\u201001828\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b09776"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.22493"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2191\u2010219x\u20102\u201039"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/nrr.Nrr\u2010d\u201024\u201000462"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d1tb01088c"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2022.10.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b105159h"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c03925"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.04.080"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/agt2.70008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.06.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.84"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031\u2010021\u201001841\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa321"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/agt2.70175"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3978"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.2779"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2013.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/619829"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2018.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.05.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c05309"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14562"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010018\u201033456\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2022.114182"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.203508"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201700673R"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010021\u201003775\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010020\u20101962\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420\u2010024\u201001916\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527317666180627120501"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2019.11.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974\u2010020\u201001761\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967\u2010023\u201004638\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.204971"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2808"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.06.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24064"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1673\u20105374.374654"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010018\u20100654\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.04.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2021.108740"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2022.108945"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2023.108394"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.2000.7577"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000739"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.23\u201022\u201008098.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M105413200"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2002.88.1.107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.01.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.9b03479"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20517\/evcna.2023.01"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.70031"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7402"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12182"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20517\/evcna.2023.14"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420\u2010025\u201002337\u20108"}],"container-title":["Small"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.202513066","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/smll.202513066","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.202513066","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T11:23:18Z","timestamp":1790162598000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smll.202513066"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"references-count":68,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smll.202513066"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smll.202513066","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1613-6810","1613-6829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1613-6810","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-6829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e13066"}}