{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:06:37Z","timestamp":1791587197640,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22376161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22376161"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The development of efficient methane (CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) separation and purification technologies is essential for optimizing the efficiency of natural gas. Compared to conventional cryogenic distillation, adsorptive separation using porous materials offers significant advantages in terms of energy efficiency and operational simplicity. The construction of highly connected cage\u2010like metal\u2013organic frameworks (MOFs) provides suitable pore volume and functional space to enhance both adsorption capacity and selectivity, although their design and synthesis remain challenging. In this work, four MOFs featuring polyhedral cage\u2010like cavities are synthesized via an isoreticular design strategy. Single\u2010component adsorption experiments demonstrate that all prepared MOFs exhibit substantial uptake capacities for C\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sub>8<\/jats:sub>\n                    and C\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n                    , while showing markedly lower adsorption for CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Theoretical calculations and structural analysis elucidate the selective adsorption mechanisms, emphasizing the critical role of appropriate cage dimensions and polar pore surfaces. Breakthrough experiments confirm that the prepared MOFs effectively separate ternary natural gas mixtures (C\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sub>8<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/C\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    , 5\/10\/85, v\/v\/v) at 298 K, yielding CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    with a high purity exceeding 99.9%. Furthermore, these MOFs maintain good crystalline stability after 24\u2010hour immersion in aqueous solutions across a pH range of 2\u201310. The combination of high adsorption capacity, exceptional selectivity, and remarkable stability renders these MOFs highly efficient adsorbents for natural gas upgrading.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202513848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T12:28:36Z","timestamp":1768825716000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Highly Connected Stable Metal\u2013Organic Frameworks With Polyhedral Cage\u2010Like Cavities for Natural Gas Upgrading"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Shaocheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environmental Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security Tongji University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nianqiao","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environmental Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security Tongji University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hengcong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environmental Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security Tongji University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7648-306X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yifan","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environmental Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security Tongji University  Shanghai China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cities Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change in Shanghai China Meteorological Administration (CMA) Tongji University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2014.03.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202002927"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201806445"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202210012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.124326"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2018.06.064"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.9b08538"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.202202047"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.3c00348"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.2c00319"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8QI01404C"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2024.112373"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201704740"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201903600"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.141795"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2021.213998"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.inorgchem.1c02179"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202509805"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274\u2010022\u20104915\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202107227"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6b04501"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c03442"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202304094"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.1c12068"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.1c02108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.0c11881"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf2458"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.0c11778"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.6b00443"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CC05306J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.138034"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6b02030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202007681"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1217544"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2TA09338C"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202300821"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26599\/POM.2025.9140097"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26599\/POM.2025.9140095"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010022\u201034296\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c08530"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010021\u201003627\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c17196"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c12032"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5c04567"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201600705"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274\u2010023\u20106072\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.146750"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.125057"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CC06162H"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b05321"}],"container-title":["Small"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.202513848","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/smll.202513848","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.2025138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