{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T12:28:10Z","timestamp":1791462490056,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Phase\u2010change random\u2010access memory (PCRAM) is an emerging technology for next\u2010generation memory owing to its high on\/off ratio, simple fabrication, and excellent stability. However, its unipolar operation limits its ability to replicate the complex synaptic behaviors required for neuromorphic applications. Although unipolar PCRAM has been explored as a neuromorphic device, its performance is limited by the intricacies of peripheral circuit requirements. To achieve better bipolar operation, this study introduces a novel bipolar PCRAM structure by incorporating titanium interlayers into an SbTe\u2010based PCRAM device. The integration of titanium as an atomic migration moderator reduces diffusion pathways, thereby stabilizing the operating voltage to approximately \u00b10.6 V while increasing endurance to more than 8 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                    cycles. Furthermore, various synaptic behaviors such as potentiation, depression, and spike\u2010timing\u2010dependent plasticity were reliably mimicked. Neural network simulations performed with experimental data from the device achieved 88% classification accuracy on the Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology dataset, highlighting the feasibility of this architecture for real\u2010world neuromorphic applications. The proposed bipolar PCRAM structure simplifies circuit design and offers a scalable approach for efficient neuromorphic computing.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202514024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T11:32:52Z","timestamp":1770377572000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Bipolar Switching and Synaptic Behaviors Observed in Titanium\u2010Constrained Phase\u2010Change Heterostructures"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2309-4737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin Suk","family":"Oh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering Korea University  Seongbuk\u2010gu Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ho Jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering Korea University  Seongbuk\u2010gu Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun Young","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Semiconductor System Engineering Korea University  Seongbuk\u2010gu Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiran A.","family":"Nirmal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering Korea University  Seongbuk\u2010gu Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering Korea University  Seongbuk\u2010gu Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong Min","family":"Joo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering Korea University  Seongbuk\u2010gu Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tukaram D.","family":"Dongale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Electronics and Nanoscience Research Laboratory School of Nanoscience and Biotechnology Shivaji University  Kolhapur India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6211-1134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tae Geun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering Korea University  Seongbuk\u2010gu Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Semiconductor System Engineering Korea University  Seongbuk\u2010gu Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Functional Materials and Materials Chemistry Laboratory Department of Physiology Saveetha Dental College &amp; Hospitals Saveetha Institute of Medical &amp; Technical Sciences Saveetha University  Chennai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010018\u20100180\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010023\u201042792\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nl201040y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","volume-title":"Emulation of Bursting Neurons in Neuromorphic Hardware Based on Phase\u2010Change Materials","author":"Mayes","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ifm2.237"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202505327"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ifm2.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361\u20106463\/ab83ba"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201703950"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578\u2010018\u20100076\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010019\u201011506\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pssr.202000538"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201404223"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.7b00812"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2010.2070050"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4922505"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854\u2010021\u201006581\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12121996"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202207143"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pssr.202300426"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1067020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b01825"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nl904092h"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1372754"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18\u201024\u201010464.1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2010.00019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d3ra02075d"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.Suri O.Bichler andD.Querlioz \u201cPhase Change Memory as Synapse for Ultra\u2010Dense Neuromorphic Systems: Application to Complex Visual Pattern Extraction \u201d in2011 International Electron Devices Meeting(2011) 4.4.1\u20134.4.4 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IEDM.2011.6131488.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEDM.2011.6131488"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01619"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LED.2022.3154440"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR01361E"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01619"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4816283"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29162"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aelm.201700283"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pssr.201900105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0203072"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pssr.202100064"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","unstructured":"T.Zhanget\u00a0al. \u201cBinary SbTe Phase Diagrams Developed by Material Library Technique \u201d inE\u2216PCOS 2009 Symposium(2009):D03."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1557\/mrs.2019.205"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200900375"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay0291"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201044110\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2024.02.072"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202303659"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339\u2010014\u20108871\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854\u2010013\u20101550\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C.Nail G.Molas andP.Blaise in 2016 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM)(IEEE 2016) 4.5.1\u20134.5.4 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IEDM.2016.7838346.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEDM.2016.7838346"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.4c00809"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2025.112491"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/batteries9020098"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2023.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202300433"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2018.e00938"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202416862"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201036784\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEDM.2014.7047135"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LED.2024.3439532"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201900107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202312249"}],"container-title":["Small"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.202514024","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/smll.202514024","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.202514024","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T07:10:18Z","timestamp":1775545818000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smll.202514024"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smll.202514024"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smll.202514024","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1613-6810","1613-6829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1613-6810","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-6829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e14024"}}