{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T12:00:18Z","timestamp":1777982418795,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001348","name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Understanding the thermomechanical behavior of heterogeneous polymer systems is crucial for material design. Herein, we introduce a novel technique that couples chemistry\u2010selective infrared (IR) heating with atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanomechanical measurements. We demonstrate that surface heating of the sample on the AFM\u2010IR can be varied with the IR repetition rate, evidenced by melting poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) films over a range of molecular weight\u2010dependent melting points. Chemical\u2010selective heating was demonstrated, where heating is dependent on the characteristic IR absorption bands of the material. Coupling of IR laser heating with nanomechanical measurements enables the qualitative detection of its glass transition temperature in thickness\u2010confined semi\u2010crystalline poly(lactic acid) (PLA) films, where an ultra\u2010thin PLA film demonstrated a decrease in modulus to half its initial value with a significantly lower IR repetition rate relative to the IR repetition rate required to induce the same change in a thick PLA film. We further apply this technique to a polymer blend of PLA and uncrosslinked nitrile butadiene rubber to demonstrate phase\u2010specific thermal characterization. This technique minimizes thermal drift, allows for rapid heating with concurrent AFM measurements and circumvents bulk material changes, paving a possible alternative avenue for the probing of thermomechanical properties of heterogenous films.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202514518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T17:43:00Z","timestamp":1772991780000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Localized Thermomechanical Measurements of Polymers and Blends with AFM\u2010IR"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7172-9726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carina Yi Jing","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stanford University  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenan","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering Stanford University  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2257-5038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas","family":"Michalek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering Stanford University  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah4496"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.4c01541"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09506608.2022.2069451"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2003.08.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma0116811"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"167","article-title":"Differential Scanning Calorimetry Techniques: Applications in Biology and Nanoscience","volume":"21","author":"Gill P.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal Biomolecular Techniques"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjst\/e2007\u201000033\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.10343"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat980"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.9b11863"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.41.004443"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c03829"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmat.2021.104043"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6919-9_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361\u20106501\/acf061"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1116\/1.3664328"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","first-page":"289","volume-title":"Applied Scanning Probe Methods VIII. Nano Science and Technology","author":"Cumpson P. J.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultramic.2010.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/10.0003939"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201900892"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095\u2010007\u20109339\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0280896"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0022\u20103727\/41\/16\/163001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijthermalsci.2020.106502"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.30.002388"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11120\u2010009\u20109439\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00448"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0219983"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D5RA00555H"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.10.003030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2013.2272796"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.9b01725"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2018.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386\u20101425(98)00062\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56530\/spectroscopy.ta9383e3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c04398"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c02612"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c02834"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.2c00337"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5c04707"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003702818763604"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2428306"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.23896"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201043660\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/masy.200851321"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2022.107710"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/STP15377S"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4931403"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/macp.201700328"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.10281"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xpro.2025.103809"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837\u2010019\u201003698\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2189156"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.3c02052"}],"container-title":["Small"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.202514518","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/smll.202514518","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/smll.202514518","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T12:49:03Z","timestamp":1777294143000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/smll.202514518"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/smll.202514518"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smll.202514518","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.26434\/chemrxiv-2025-434b4","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1613-6810","1613-6829"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1613-6810","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-6829","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e14518"}}