{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T08:52:35Z","timestamp":1792399955490,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22175108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22175108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22379086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22379086"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22409124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22409124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2240090778"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2240090778"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Developing highly efficient and stable catalysts for electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    RR) remains a significant challenge, particularly for transition metal\u2010based systems that often suffer from excessive hydrogen evolution and catalyst degradation. In this work, we report a carbon\u2010coated NiFe alloy (NiFe@NC) synthesized via a substrate\u2010anchored pyrolysis strategy, in which the carbon shell serves as an electronic modulator and protective layer. DFT calculations and in situ spectroscopic analysis reveal that the carbon layer induces notable electronic reconstruction at the NiFe surface, weakening the back\u2010donation to the anti\u2010bonding orbitals of the *CO intermediate, thus facilitating *CO desorption and improving CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    RR kinetics. Meanwhile, the carbon layer also suppresses undesired *H adsorption while protecting the catalyst from deactivation under long\u2010term operation. As a result, the NiFe@NC catalyst achieves stable operation at 500\u00a0mA cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    for 250 h in a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) system, outperforming most previously reported transition\u2010metal\u2010based catalysts. This work provides a practical strategy for tuning surface electronic structures to overcome the intrinsic limitations of conventional transition metal CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    RR catalysts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202514530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T10:11:23Z","timestamp":1774347083000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Carbon Shell\u2010Mediated Electronic Modulation of NiFe Alloy Electrocatalysts for Efficient CO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    Electroreduction"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Xiya","family":"Guan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenwen","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongwei","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueying","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science and Engineering Linyi University  Linyi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jizhen","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1029-3404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jintao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"1215","article-title":"Isotopic Labelling of Water Reveals the Hydrogen Transfer Route in Electrochemical\u00a0Reduction","volume":"6","author":"Zhang J.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature Chemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06917-5","article-title":"Durable CO2 Conversion in the Proton\u2010Exchange Membrane System","volume":"626","author":"Fang W.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1038\/s41929-020-0450-0","article-title":"Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 to Ethylene and Ethanol Through Hydrogen\u2010Assisted C\u2013C Coupling over Fluorine\u2010Modified Copper","volume":"3","author":"Ma W.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature 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