{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T07:48:24Z","timestamp":1792136904367,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Electrolyte\u2010gated graphene field\u2010effect transistors (EG\u2010gFETs) have great potential for chemical and biosensing applications and are increasingly attractive platforms for synaptic or memristive elements in neuromorphic computing. However, EG\u2010gFETs exhibit drift in their electrical response, a phenomenon that remains poorly understood. An in\u2010depth understanding of EG\u2010gFETs\u2019 responses is essential for fully exploiting their behavior in applications and to open a much\u2010needed discussion and standardization of practices within the community. In this work, we show that drift is ubiquitous across all tested devices and experimental conditions, and present evidence indicating that it is driven by progressive charge trapping in the insulating layer beneath the graphene channel. We then discuss potential strategies to mitigate drift, including alternative interrogation schemes and fabrication processes. Additionally, we propose approaches to enhance signal readability and facilitate discrimination of the signal from noise and false\u2010positive responses in biosensing applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202514805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T07:06:26Z","timestamp":1792134386000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Understanding and Mitigating Charge\u2010Trapping Induced Transfer Curve Drift in Electrolyte\u2010Gated Graphene Field\u2010Effect Transistors"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2572-0974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Mouro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory  Braga Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory  Braga Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory  Braga Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammadmahdi","family":"Faraji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory  Braga Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory  Braga Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5622-7760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Borme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory  Braga Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9875-6188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Alpuim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory  Braga Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Physics of the Universities of Minho and Porto University of Minho  Braga Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586\u2010021\u201000065\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Review on Two\u2010dimensional Material\u2010based Field\u2010effect Transistor Biosensors: Accomplishments, Mechanisms, and Perspectives","volume":"21","author":"Chen S.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ultrasensitive Detection of Chemokines in Clinical Samples With Graphene\u2010Based Field\u2010Effect Transistors","volume":"36","author":"Kaiser D.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Advanced Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010024\u201008003\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202405471","article-title":"Recent Advances in Graphene Field\u2010Effect Transistor Toward Biological Detection","volume":"34","author":"Sun M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Advanced Functional Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn101950n"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13245728"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.4c01538"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3573517"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2016.2570426"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn800354m"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2010.89"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2940","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.0c01441","article-title":"Mechanism and Suppression of Physisorbed\u2010Water\u2010Caused Hysteresis in Graphene FET Sensors","volume":"5","author":"Barto\u0161\u00edk M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Sensors"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.8b00797"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21227455"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.9b04053"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Between Scylla and Charybdis: Hydrophobic Graphene\u2010guided Water Diffusion on Hydrophilic Substrates","volume":"3","author":"Kim J. 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