{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:35:56Z","timestamp":1790710556295,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Copper catalyst gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) have demonstrated unique electrochemical selectivity converting CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    to C\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010hydrocarbons such as ethylene and ethanol but have been challenged by their hydrophobic chemical stability and internal electrical resistance leading to low energy efficiency. Carbon\u2010supported GDEs have low electrical resistance but lack sufficient stability at industrially relevant current densities. While polymer\u2010supported GDEs have improved hydrophobicity, they also display high in\u2010plane electrical resistance, particularly at industrial scales. In this work, we demonstrate a composite gas diffusion layer that combines hydrophobic porous polymers with an electrically conductive backbone addressing these core gas diffusion electrode (GDE) scaling challenges. We investigate the material properties of standalone porous perfluoropolyether (PFPE) polymers, including porosity and surface morphology, under varying processing conditions and then incorporate these polymers into a porous copper foam. This composite enhances the mechanical rigidity necessary for cell assembly and provides a through\u2010plane electrical conduction path to reduce electrical resistive losses. This enhanced PFPE composite GDE displays efficient CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    reduction, achieving 15% ethylene energy efficiency at 100 cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    . These findings contribute to the development of advanced catalyst materials and electrode architectures and promote scalable strategies for electrochemical conversion of CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    into high\u2010value carbon products.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202514958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T15:01:56Z","timestamp":1768230116000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Through\u2010Plane Conductive Hydrophobic Electrodes for CO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    Electrolysis to Ethylene"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Eric","family":"Krall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Science Division Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory  Livermore California USA"},{"name":"Laboratory for Energy Applications for the Future Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory  Livermore California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michell","family":"Marufu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Science Division Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory  Livermore California USA"},{"name":"Laboratory for Energy Applications for the Future Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory  Livermore California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Tzintzun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Science Division Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory  Livermore California USA"},{"name":"Laboratory for Energy Applications for the Future Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory  Livermore California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melinda L.","family":"Jue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Science Division Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory  Livermore California USA"},{"name":"Laboratory for Energy Applications for the Future Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory  Livermore California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Hwee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Science Division Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory  Livermore California USA"},{"name":"Laboratory for Energy Applications for the Future Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory  Livermore California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaffiq","family":"Jaffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TotalEnergies Research &amp; Technology USA LLC  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amitava","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TotalEnergies Research &amp; Technology USA LLC  Houston Texas USA"},{"name":"SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis Department of Chemical Engineering Stanford University  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herve","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TotalEnergies Research &amp; Technology USA LLC  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Raisin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TotalEnergies Research &amp; Technology USA LLC  Houston Texas USA"},{"name":"SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis Department of Chemical Engineering Stanford University  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Fleischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Department Siemens Energy Global GmbH &amp; Co. 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