{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T12:50:56Z","timestamp":1789044656569,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":248,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"29","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Small"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Ammonia is indispensable for food security and clean energy, yet its production via the Haber\u2013Bosch process consumes vast amounts of fossil resources and contributes significantly to CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    emissions. The photocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) driven by solar energy offers a sustainable alternative under ambient conditions; however, progress is limited by weak N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    adsorption, strong N\u2261N bond cleavage, competing hydrogen evolution, and low quantum efficiency. Metal\u2013organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as transformative photocatalyst platforms, combining high surface area, tunable porosity, \u03c0conjugated structures, and biomimetic active sites to enhance light harvesting, charge separation, and nitrogen activation. This review highlights recent advances in pristine MOF and COF frameworks, composites, and framework\u2010derived catalysts, emphasizing strategies such as defect engineering, heteroatom doping, functionalization, and heterojunction construction toward photocatalytic NRR. Mechanistic insights from spectroscopy and density functional theory reveal associative, Mars\u2013van Krevelen, and defect\u2010assisted pathways, offering guidance for rational catalyst design. Beyond materials, techno\u2010economic aspects, including scalability, durability, cost performance balance, and energy payback, are critically assessed relative to the Haber\u2010Bosch process. This review highlights the importance of integrating molecular\u2010level catalyst design with reactor\u2010scale engineering to translate laboratory breakthroughs into scalable solar ammonia production.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.73476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T08:40:54Z","timestamp":1777624854000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Metal and Covalent Organic Frameworks for Photocatalytic Conversion of N\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    \u2010to\u2010NH\n                    <sub>3<\/sub>\n                    : Mechanisms, Materials, and Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Akash","family":"Balakrishnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovative Catalysis and Sustainability Group Department of Chemical Engineering Saintgits College of Engineering 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