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Here, we present a photothermal nerve\u2010on\u2010a\u2010chip platform that reconstructs in vitro the key elements of axonal thermosensation. By integrating graphene\u2010based photothermal heaters with microelectrode arrays inside axon\u2010guiding microchannels, the platform enables localized, millisecond\u2010scale thermal stimulation and simultaneous extracellular recording of action potentials. Using this platform, we uncovered rapid and reproducible heat\u2010evoked responses in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons, including thermoreceptor\u2010mediated rapid desensitization. With its ability to distinguish stimulus\u2010locked and inter\u2010pulse activity, we also observed distinct thermal\u2010response profiles in human iPSC\u2010derived sensory neurons, characterized by delayed heat responsiveness. Our platform enables high\u2010resolution analysis of axonal temperature coding and is a scalable tool for exploring peripheral thermosensation in development and disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.73577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T10:53:08Z","timestamp":1777546388000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In Vitro Reconstruction of Axonal Heat Sensing with a Photothermal Nerve\u2010on\u2010a\u2010Chip"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5585-7074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koji","family":"Sakai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Research Laboratories NTT, Inc.  Atsugi Kanagawa Japan"},{"name":"NTT Bio\u2010Medical Informatics Research Center NTT, Inc.  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