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Multifunctional integration of these systems surmounts the inherent limitations of conventional therapeutic modalities. This review focuses on recent breakthroughs in organic and organic\u2013inorganic hybrid nanoreactors, highlighting three core effects: (1) the spatial confinement effect, which elevates the reactant concentration, accelerates mass transfer, lowers activation energy, modulates electronic states, and boosts reaction rates by orders of magnitude; (2) the synergistic effect of active sites, which enables efficient cascade reactions via spatially segregated or hierarchical catalytic architectures; (3) the stimuli\u2010responsive effect, which dynamically controls catalysis and cargo release under endogenous (pH, enzymes, ROS) or exogenous (light, temperature) cues. Typical nanoreactors (liposomes, polymeric micelles\/vesicles, mesoporous silica, protein cages, and organic\u2013inorganic hybrids) are systematically discussed regarding structural merits and biomedical applications in treating diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), chronic wound healing, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Current challenges and future perspectives are also addressed. Intelligent nanoreactors are expected to offer immense potential for disease diagnosis and therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.73859","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T15:33:23Z","timestamp":1779291203000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Emerging Nanoreactors for Precision Disease Treatment: From Principles to Biomedical Applications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Haobo","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) Institute of 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